3.3.9 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND DERIVATIVES

-COOH carboxyl
made of carbonyl and hydroxyl group

Theyre weak acids so partially disocciate to form -COO$^-$ (called carboxylate ion) and H$^+$
Form salt,H20,CO2

React alcohol with carboxylic acids in presence of acid catalyst(H2SO4).
Forms ester with functional group -COO and H20

First part from alcohol second part from carboxylic acid
eg if ethanol reacted with methanoic acid it forms Ethyl methanoate
eg if butanol reacted with 2-methylpropanoaic acid it formsButyl 2-methylpropanoate

- Perfumes and food flavouring (Some have nice smell)
- Solvents (polar)
- Plasticisers

Esters split via H20 and acid catalyst (acid hydrolysis) or use a base only (base hydrolysis)

Add H20 and use dilute strong acid catalyst under reflux
Forms carboxylic acid + alcohol to equilibrium

Add strong dilute base under reflux
Forms carboxylate ion + alcohol and goes to completion( no equilibrium)

Glycerol(alcohol) with 3 fatty acids(carboxylic acids) which forms fats and oils (esters)
Glycerol is propane-1,2,3-triol
3 Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated(biology yoooooooooo)

Oils = glycerol + 3 UNsaturated fatty acids so form liquid
Fats = glycerol + 3 SATurated fatty acids so form solid

Animal fats/vegetable oils hydrolysed by heating with 3NaOH.
Forming glycerol(receives H) and soap(receives NaO sodium salt)

Vegetable oils with 3 methanol and potassium hydroxide as catalyst.
Forms glycerol(receives H) and 3 methyl ester(receives CH3O and is biodiesel)

Derived from a carboxylic acid
RCO-
R = H or alkyl group

main alkane chain + anoyl chloride
eg
ethanoyl chloride

React any carboxylic acid with sulfur dichloride oxide (SOCL2)
Reaction forms acyl chloride + SO2 + HCL

Take the carboxylic acid it was formed from remove the "acid" part and add anhydride
eg methanoic anhydride

Nucleophile is added to carbon centre and last step hydrogen is removed

Water
Alcohol
Ammonia
Primary amine
Note- these are nucleophillic addition elimination reactions

Carboxylic acid + HCL

Ester + HCL

amide + ammonia chloride

N-substituted amide + HCL

2 Carboxylic acids

Ester + carboxylic acid

Amide + carboxylic acid

N- substitued amide + carboxylic acid