Endocrine Glands

Endocrine glands secrete hormones via the bloodstream to their target organs whereas exocrine glands secrete directly to their target organs; Endocrine secretions is a delayed response wheres exocrine secretions are a rapid response

Pancreas, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal gland and pituitary gland

Mammary glands, sebaceous glands, sweat glands

Large venous sinus located on either side of the sella turcica

Sella turcica

Sphenoid

Thermoregulation - due to close proximity of the internal carotid artery; Venous blood drainage of the brain, eye and face; Neurovascular conduit - houses some cranial nerves; Pathway for infection spread via danger triangle

An abnormal connection between the internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus which can lead to increased pressure within the sinus whoch presents with symptoms such as vomitting and nausea

III,IV,VI and V2 and V3

Abducens - CN VI

Below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland

Infundibulum

Has portal vessels which regulate the anterior lobe and hypothalamic axons which connect directly to the posterior lobe

Control secretions of many hormones involved in metabolism, reproduction, stress responses and growth

ADH; Oxytocin

Hypophyseal arteries

Hypothalamo hypophyseal tract

FSH; LH; TSH; Prolactin; GH; ATCH

Connected via the hypophyseal portal system - blood vessel connect them

Connected by the neurophysis - nerve fibres connect them

Pathway through which hormones from the hypothalamus reach the anterior pituitary

When too much cortisol is secreted

Round moon face; Hump back; Stretch marks; Thin hair; Thin brusises

A subset of Cushing’s syndrome caused by too much ATCH secretion

In the optic chiasm

Aldosterone; Cortisol; Androgens

Noradrenaline; Adrenaline

Supraoptic nucleus

Paraventricular nucleus

Superior poles of the kidneys

The right adrenal gland has a pyrimidal shape; The left adrenal gland has a crescent shape

Secrete hormones in response to stress and metabolism

Adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex

Zone of fasciculata; Zone of glomerulosa; Zone of reticularis

Anchors the adrenal gland to the surrounding tissues; Acts as a barrier between the gland and the surrounding fat and fascia

Points of exit of the veins and lympathics which are located within the capsule

Chromaffin cells

Aldosterone and other mineralocorticoids

Cortisol and other glucocorticoids

Androgens

Mainly from the coeliac plexus and the thoracic splanchnic nerves

Superior suprarenal arteries from the inferior phrenic artery; Middle suprarenal artery from the SMA; Inferior suprarenal artery from the renal artery

Lumbar lymph nodes

Right drains into the IVC; Left drains into the left renal vein

Sternohyoid, omohyoid, thyrohyoid and sternothyroid; Depress hyoid

Connects the STRAP muscles and the thyroid together

It produces hormones T4,T3 and calcitonin that regulate metabolism, growth and calcium balance

Butterfly shape

C5 to T1

Has a pyrimidal lobe which may extend upwards from the isthmus; Has a capsule which surrounds the gland; Isthmus is a band of tissue connecting the two lobes together

Cervical ganglia and vagus nerve

T3,T4 and calcitonin

Ligament which connects the throid to the trachea

Surgical landmark for protecting the recurrent laryngeal nerve

Posterior projection of the lateral lobes of the thyroid galnd

Superior thyroid artery - branch of the external carotid; Thyroid ima artery - branch of the brachiocephalic trunk; Inferior thyroid artery - branch of the thyrocervical trunk

Inferior vena cava

Branchiocephalic vein

An abnormal cysts that forms in the foramen caecum that moves with the tongue

Enalrgement of the thyroid which moves with swallowing

Produces parathryoid hormone needed in regulation of calcium

FOUR

Found on the posterior side of the thyroid

Inferior thyroid artery

Superior thyroid artery; Very rarely the thyroid ima artery

Vagus nerve for parasymtpathetic; Cervical ganglia

Endocrine and exocrine organ which secretes hormones and enzymes

L1/L2

Head; Neck; Body; Tail

A hook-shaped projection of the pancreatic head that extends posterior to the superior mesenteric vessels

Prevents backflow of substances back into the pancreatic or common bile duct

Connection of thertr the main pancreatic duct and the common bile duct meet

Body and Tail is supplied by the splenic artery; Head is supplied by a branch of the gastroduodenal artery

Splenic veins and superior meseneteric veins

Pancreatic issues

Blockage in biliary system