Systemic Diseases: Meningitis
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1
What is meningitis?
Inflammation of the meninges around the brain and spinal cord.
2
What are bacterial causes of meningitis discussed in the lecture?
H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, S. agalactiae, N. meningitidis, and L. monocytogenes.
3
How can Haemophilus influenzae cause meningitis?
It can spread from the respiratory tract to the meninges.
4
What has reduced meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae?
Vaccination.
5
How can Streptococcus pneumoniae cause meningitis?
It can spread from the respiratory tract to the meninges.
6
How can newborns acquire Streptococcus agalactiae?
Transmission from the mother during childbirth.
7
What disease can Streptococcus agalactiae cause in newborns?
Meningitis.
8
How is Neisseria meningitidis transmitted?
Respiratory droplets.
9
Where can meningococcal meningitis outbreaks occur?
Crowded settings such as dormitories and military barracks.
10
How can Neisseria meningitidis cause septicemia?
It can invade the bloodstream.
11
What skin signs can occur with meningococcal septicemia?
Red or purple spots from bleeding beneath the skin.
12
How is meningitis diagnosed?
Lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid analysis.
13
What fluid is collected during a lumbar puncture?
Cerebrospinal fluid.
14
How is bacterial meningitis treated?
Hospitalization and immediate intravenous antibiotics.
15
What antibiotic group was discussed for meningococcal meningitis?
Cephalosporins.
16
What is bacteremia?
The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream.
17
What is septicemia?
A serious bloodstream infection that can cause systemic illness.
18
What is toxemia?
The presence of toxins in the bloodstream.
19
What is endotoxin?
The lipid A portion of Gram-negative bacterial LPS.
20
When can endotoxin be released?
When Gram-negative bacteria break apart.
21
Which receptor recognizes LPS endotoxin?
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4).
22
What do leukocytes release in response to endotoxin?
Cytokines.
23
What can excessive endotoxin exposure cause?
Systemic inflammation and septic shock.
24
What is endocarditis?
Infection of the inner lining of the heart, especially its valves.
25
How can bacteria enter the blood and cause endocarditis?
Through dental procedures or infections.
26
Who is at increased risk for endocarditis?
People with abnormal heart structures or valves.
27
Why might high-risk patients receive antibiotics before dental procedures?
To help prevent endocarditis.
28
How is endocarditis treated?
Aggressive intravenous antibiotics.
29
What are vegetations in endocarditis?
Masses of platelets and clotting material on heart tissue.
30
How do vegetations affect bacteria?
They shield bacteria from immune cells and antibiotics.
31
What can happen if endocarditis vegetations break apart?
They can travel through blood and cause damage elsewhere.
32
What bacterium causes plague?
Yersinia pestis.
33
What is the Gram reaction of Yersinia pestis?
Gram-negative.
34
What is the shape of Yersinia pestis?
A rod.
35
What distinctive staining pattern does Yersinia pestis show?
Bipolar, safety-pin staining.
36
What are two virulence factors of Yersinia pestis?
Adhesins and a type III secretion system.
37
What does the type III secretion system inject into host cells?
Yersinia outer proteins (Yops).
38
What do Yops do?
Interfere with phagocytosis.
39
What are the two major plague forms discussed?
Bubonic plague and pneumonic plague.
40
How is bubonic plague usually transmitted?
By the bite of an infected rat flea.
41
What is the scientific name of the rat flea associated with plague?
Xenopsylla cheopis.
42
How can an infected flea transmit Yersinia pestis?
It regurgitates bacteria into the bite while feeding.
43
What other animal contact can transmit plague?
Direct contact with infected wild rodents.
44
Which wild rodents were mentioned as possible sources?
Ground squirrels and prairie dogs.
45
What are buboes?
Severely swollen lymph nodes.
46
What is the characteristic sign of bubonic plague?
Buboes.
47
What can cause blackened tissue in severe plague?
Tissue death (necrosis).
48
Is bubonic plague usually spread person-to-person?
No; it is usually spread by fleas or infected animals.
49
How does pneumonic plague develop?
Yersinia pestis infects the lungs.
50
How is pneumonic plague transmitted between people?
Respiratory droplets from an infected person.
51
Why is pneumonic plague especially dangerous?
It can spread person-to-person and progress rapidly.
52
What are symptoms of pneumonic plague?
Fever, malaise, severe cough, and coughing blood.
53
How quickly can severe pneumonic plague become fatal?
Within about two days.
54
What antibiotics were discussed for plague?
Tetracycline and streptomycin.
55
What type of plague vaccine was discussed?
An inactivated vaccine made from dead Yersinia pestis.
56
Who might be considered for plague vaccination?
People at high risk of exposure.
57
How can plague transmission be reduced?
Rodent and flea control and avoiding infected animals.
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