Sociological Criminology and Social Structure Theories
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1
What is a social structure theory of crime?
A theory explaining differences in offending partly through the organization of society, socioeconomic inequality, institutional arrangements, and access to opportunities.
2
What is the central focus of sociological criminology?
How social relationships, institutions, culture, inequality, and community conditions influence crime and criminal behavior.
3
What is social ecology in criminology?
The study of how social and environmental characteristics of places influence the distribution and patterns of crime.
4
What is the Chicago School of criminology?
An influential tradition of urban sociology that studied crime and delinquency in relation to neighborhood organization, migration, and urban environments.
5
Which university was the principal center of the Chicago School of sociology?
The University of Chicago.
6
Who developed the concentric zone model of urban development?
Ernest W. Burgess.
7
What is the concentric zone model?
A historical model describing urban growth through a series of rings extending outward from a central business district.
8
How many principal zones are identified in Burgess's concentric zone model?
Five zones.
9
What is Zone I in Burgess's concentric zone model?
The central business district, containing major commercial and business activities.
10
What is Zone II in Burgess's concentric zone model?
The zone of transition, historically characterized by mixed industrial and residential uses and relatively unstable housing conditions.
11
What is Zone III in Burgess's concentric zone model?
The zone of working-class homes, generally associated with more established working-class residential areas.
12
What is Zone IV in Burgess's concentric zone model?
The residential zone, associated with relatively more stable and often higher-income housing.
13
What is Zone V in Burgess's concentric zone model?
The commuter zone, comprising outer residential areas connected to the city by regular travel.
14
Which concentric zone did early Chicago School research associate with particularly high delinquency rates?
Zone II, the zone of transition.
15
Why was the zone of transition important to early ecological explanations of delinquency?
Researchers associated its residential instability, concentrated disadvantage, and weakened community institutions with elevated delinquency rates.
16
What is invasion and succession in urban ecological theory?
The historical process through which new populations or land uses enter an area and gradually replace existing populations or uses.
17
What is residential mobility in social disorganization research?
The frequency with which residents move into or out of a neighborhood, potentially affecting the continuity of social relationships.
18
What is ethnic heterogeneity in early social disorganization theory?
The presence of multiple ethnic groups within a community, historically examined as a possible challenge to communication and social coordination.
19
Why must ethnic heterogeneity not be interpreted as an inherent cause of crime?
Ethnicity does not determine criminality, and any observed associations require attention to structural conditions, discrimination, institutions, and contextual factors.
20
What are three traditional structural conditions emphasized by Shaw and McKay?
Concentrated poverty, residential mobility, and ethnic heterogeneity.
21
What did Shaw and McKay observe about delinquency patterns across changing neighborhood populations?
Certain areas maintained relatively high delinquency rates despite changes in the ethnic or national origins of residents.
22
What did Shaw and McKay's findings suggest about neighborhood delinquency?
Local social and structural conditions may help explain delinquency patterns beyond the characteristics of particular population groups.
23
What is informal social control?
The regulation of behavior through family relationships, neighbors, shared expectations, and everyday community interactions rather than formal legal sanctions.
24
What is formal social control?
Behavioral regulation through officially authorized institutions such as police, courts, schools, and regulatory agencies.
25
What is social cohesion?
The degree of trust, connection, solidarity, and shared identification among members of a community.
26
What is collective efficacy?
The combination of social cohesion and shared willingness among residents to intervene for the common good.
27
Which researcher is especially associated with collective efficacy theory in neighborhood crime research?
Robert J. Sampson, working with Stephen Raudenbush and Felton Earls.
28
What is the difference between social cohesion and collective efficacy?
Social cohesion concerns trust and connectedness, while collective efficacy also includes shared expectations and willingness to exercise informal social control.
29
What is concentrated disadvantage?
The geographic clustering of socioeconomic hardships such as poverty, unemployment, and limited access to resources.
30
What is neighborhood social capital?
Resources and potential benefits available through social relationships, networks, trust, and reciprocal assistance within a community.
31
What is institutional strength in a neighborhood?
The capacity of organizations such as schools, civic associations, and community services to provide support, stability, and social coordination.
32
What is the systemic model of neighborhood social disorganization?
An approach examining how local friendship networks, organizational participation, and social ties affect community capacity for informal control.
33
Who is associated with the systemic model of community attachment and crime?
Robert J. Bursik Jr. and Harold G. Grasmick.
34
What is private social control in the systemic model?
Control exercised through close interpersonal relationships, including family members and friends.
35
What is parochial social control in the systemic model?
Control exercised through broader neighborhood networks, local organizations, and community institutions.
36
What is public social control in the systemic model?
A community's ability to obtain resources and influence decisions through connections with external agencies and public authorities.
37
What is a neighborhood effect?
An influence of local social or environmental conditions on individual or group outcomes beyond personal characteristics alone.
38
What is spatial concentration of crime?
The tendency for crime incidents to cluster disproportionately in particular locations or geographic areas.
39
What is a crime hot spot?
A relatively small geographic location experiencing a disproportionately high concentration of crime incidents.
40
What is the difference between a crime hot spot and a socially disorganized neighborhood?
A hot spot identifies a concentration of incidents, while social disorganization describes weaknesses in community networks and informal social regulation.
41
What is cultural deviance theory?
A perspective proposing that some offending reflects learned norms and values that conflict with dominant legal expectations.
42
Who is associated with the theory of cultural conflict?
Thorsten Sellin.
43
What is primary cultural conflict in Sellin's framework?
Conflict between conduct norms originating in different cultural systems.
44
What is secondary cultural conflict in Sellin's framework?
Conflict arising when distinct conduct norms develop among groups within a larger society.
45
Who developed a theory emphasizing lower-class focal concerns?
Walter B. Miller.
46
What are Miller's six commonly cited focal concerns?
Trouble, toughness, smartness, excitement, fate, and autonomy.
47
What is the significance of Walter Miller's focal concerns theory?
It historically proposed that certain forms of delinquency could reflect status and behavioral expectations within particular peer and cultural settings.
48
Scenario: A neighborhood experiences frequent residential turnover, limited community organizations, and weak cooperation among residents. Which theory is most directly applicable?
Social disorganization theory.
49
Scenario: Residents trust one another and collectively intervene when children are threatened despite limited financial resources. Which concept is illustrated?
Collective efficacy.
50
Scenario: An urban district retains elevated delinquency rates across several generations of changing residents. Which classic finding does this resemble?
Shaw and McKay's observation that neighborhood delinquency patterns can persist despite population turnover.
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