Desistance from Crime
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1
What is desistance from crime?
The process through which an individual reduces and eventually ceases criminal offending, often involving changes in behavior, identity, relationships, and circumstances.
2
What is primary desistance?
A period of stopping criminal behavior, which may be temporary or may develop into sustained nonoffending.
3
What is secondary desistance?
A deeper change in self-identity in which a person increasingly sees themselves as someone who no longer engages in crime.
4
What is tertiary desistance?
A proposed stage involving recognition, belonging, and acceptance by others as a reformed or contributing member of society.
5
Who is prominently associated with the study of desistance narratives and identity change?
Shadd Maruna, particularly through research on how former offenders construct narratives of personal change.
6
What is the redemption script in desistance research?
A personal narrative in which an individual interprets past offending as part of a life story leading toward positive change and meaningful contribution.
7
What is a condemnation script in desistance research?
A narrative emphasizing perceived helplessness, enduring stigma, or circumstances that appear to prevent personal change.
8
What is agency in desistance theory?
An individual's capacity to make choices, pursue goals, and influence their behavior despite social and structural constraints.
9
What is generativity in desistance research?
The desire to contribute to others or future generations, which may support a sustained noncriminal identity.
10
What is a hooks-for-change concept in desistance research?
An opportunity or experience, such as employment or a supportive relationship, that may facilitate positive behavioral and identity change.
11
Who is associated with the cognitive transformation theory of desistance?
Peggy C. Giordano and colleagues.
12
What is cognitive transformation in desistance theory?
Changes in openness to reform, perceptions of opportunities, identity, and attitudes toward offending that support movement away from crime.
13
Why is desistance not always a linear process?
Individuals may experience setbacks, intermittent offending, or changing circumstances before achieving sustained nonoffending.
14
What is restorative justice?
An approach addressing wrongdoing through accountability, recognition of harm, and meaningful participation by affected persons, where appropriate and voluntary.
15
What is the primary focus of restorative justice compared with conventional retributive punishment?
Restorative justice emphasizes repairing harm and meeting affected persons' needs, while retributive punishment emphasizes deserved sanctions for wrongdoing.
16
Who is widely associated with the modern restorative justice movement?
Howard Zehr.
17
What is victim-offender mediation?
A facilitated process in which an eligible victim and offender voluntarily communicate about harm, responsibility, and possible reparation.
18
What is restorative conferencing?
A structured process bringing together affected parties and appropriate supporters to discuss harm, responsibility, and potential remedies.
19
What is a restorative circle?
A facilitated group process using inclusive dialogue to address harm, relationships, accountability, or community needs.
20
What is reparation in restorative justice?
Action intended to address or compensate for harm, such as restitution, agreed service, or another appropriate remedy.
21
What is the importance of voluntariness in restorative justice?
Participants should make informed choices without improper coercion, particularly when discussing harm, responsibility, or possible agreements.
22
What is the role of victim safety in restorative justice?
Processes must assess and address risks of intimidation, retaliation, retraumatization, and unequal power before participation.
23
What is transformative justice?
An approach seeking to address interpersonal harm while also changing the social, institutional, or structural conditions that contribute to it.
24
How does transformative justice differ from restorative justice?
Transformative justice places additional emphasis on changing underlying power relations and social conditions, while restorative justice principally emphasizes addressing harm and accountability.
25
What is abolitionist criminology?
A critical perspective questioning reliance on prisons and punitive institutions and examining alternatives for addressing harm and promoting safety.
26
What is public criminology?
The communication and application of criminological knowledge in public discussion, policy development, and community decision-making.
27
What is the purpose of knowledge translation in criminology?
To make research findings understandable and usable by policymakers, practitioners, communities, and other relevant audiences.
28
What is participatory action research in criminology?
Research in which affected stakeholders collaborate in identifying problems, generating knowledge, and pursuing practical changes.
29
What is community-engaged criminological research?
Research developed or conducted with meaningful participation by communities affected by crime or criminal justice policies.
30
What is intersectional analysis in criminology?
The examination of how overlapping social positions and institutional arrangements may shape experiences of offending, victimization, and justice.
31
What is critical race criminology?
A perspective examining how racialization, institutions, historical inequalities, and power relations influence criminalization and criminal justice outcomes.
32
What is postcolonial criminology?
A perspective analyzing how colonial histories, global inequalities, and continuing power relations shape crime and criminal justice institutions.
33
What is Southern criminology?
An approach emphasizing criminological knowledge and experiences from the Global South and questioning the assumption that Northern theories are universally applicable.
34
Who are prominently associated with the development of Southern criminology as a contemporary framework?
Kerry Carrington, Russell Hogg, John Scott, and Máximo Sozzo.
35
What is surveillance criminology?
The study of how monitoring technologies and surveillance practices influence crime control, behavior, privacy, and social power.
36
What is the panopticon as used in surveillance theory?
A model of observation associated with Jeremy Bentham and later analyzed by Michel Foucault to explain how possible constant visibility can encourage self-regulation.
37
What is algorithmic policing?
The use of computational models or automated systems to support police analysis, prioritization, or operational decisions.
38
What is algorithmic bias in criminal justice?
Systematic unfairness or distortion in automated outputs arising from data, model design, deployment conditions, or institutional practices.
39
What is feedback-loop bias in predictive policing?
A process in which police-generated data directs further enforcement to the same places or groups, producing additional recorded incidents that reinforce the model's predictions.
40
What is explainability in criminal justice algorithms?
The extent to which the operation, inputs, and reasons behind a system's outputs can be meaningfully understood and examined.
41
What is human oversight in automated criminal justice decision-making?
Meaningful review and accountability by authorized people rather than uncritical acceptance of algorithmic recommendations.
42
What is proportionality in criminal justice surveillance?
The principle that surveillance measures should be appropriately limited in relation to legitimate objectives, necessity, and applicable legal protections.
43
What is procedural transparency in criminal justice policy?
The availability of understandable information about decision-making rules, processes, safeguards, and accountability mechanisms.
44
What is the principle of least restrictive intervention?
Choosing an effective lawful response that imposes no greater restriction on individual liberty than reasonably necessary for the relevant objective.
45
What is a desistance-oriented rehabilitation program?
An intervention that supports long-term nonoffending through personal agency, constructive identity, supportive relationships, and practical opportunities.
46
Scenario: A former offender begins mentoring at-risk youths and describes helping others as central to a new identity. Which desistance concept is illustrated?
Generativity supporting identity change and secondary desistance.
47
Scenario: A victim voluntarily meets an offender with a trained facilitator to discuss harm and possible restitution. Which justice approach is illustrated?
Restorative justice through victim-offender mediation.
48
Scenario: A community seeks to address violence by changing harmful institutional practices and underlying social conditions, not merely resolving individual incidents. Which approach is illustrated?
Transformative justice.
49
Scenario: A police algorithm repeatedly identifies neighborhoods as high risk because earlier intensive patrols generated more recorded incidents there. What concern is illustrated?
A predictive policing feedback loop that can reinforce biased enforcement patterns.
50
Scenario: Researchers invite residents affected by crime to help design the study, interpret findings, and develop solutions. What research approach is illustrated?
Participatory action research or community-engaged criminological research.
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