Ethics1 Drei
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1
Utilitarianism core idea
The right action is the one that produces the greatest good (happiness/pleasure) for the greatest number of people
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Principle of Utility
Maximize happiness, minimize pain
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Act utilitarianism
Judge each action by whether it increases happiness
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Rule utilitarianism
Follow rules that generally promote happiness
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Criticism of utilitarianism
Can justify immoral acts if they maximize overall happiness
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Egoism core idea
The right action is the one that promotes the agent’s own best interest
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Psychological egoism
People always act in their own interest (descriptive)
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Ethical egoism
People ought to act in their own interest (normative)
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Criticism of egoism
Conflicts with morality when self-interest harms others
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Altruism core idea
The right action is one that benefits others, even at a cost to oneself
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Altruism
Opposite of egoism
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Deontology core idea
The morality of an action is based on duty and intention, not consequences
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Act only on a maxim that you can will to become a universal law
Categorical Imperative (Universal Law)
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Always treat humanity as an end, never merely as a means
Categorical Imperative (Humanity)
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Respects rights, dignity, and justice
Strength of deontology
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Criticism of deontology
Too rigid and ignores consequences
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Utilitarianism is based on consequences, while deontology is based on duty and intention
Comparison of utilitarianism and deontology
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