DIABETES MELLITUS
Réviser ces flashcardsGratuit · répétition espacée · iPhone, Android, Mac et web
Toutes les cartes
1
What is the primary treatment for patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
Insulin, along with diet and exercise
2
What is an example of an oral antihyperglycemic medication that enhances pancreatic insulin secretion (secretagogue)?
Sulfonylureas or Meglitinides
3
Which class of oral antihyperglycemic medication sensitizes peripheral tissues to insulin and is often associated with the adverse effect of lactic acidosis (rare)?
Biguanides (Metformin)
4
Which group of medications impairs gastrointestinal absorption of glucose and must be taken with the first bite of a meal?
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
5
What is the mechanism of action for SGLT-2 inhibitors?
Blocks glucose from being reabsorbed by the kidneys (proximal renal tubules), increasing glycosuria
6
What type of insulin therapy includes NPH insulin, long-acting insulin analogs, or continuous delivery of rapid-acting insulin via a pump?
Basal insulin
7
What is the anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody that can delay progression to symptomatic Type 1 Diabetes in presymptomatic patients?
Teplizumab
8
Which injectable non-insulin antihyperglycemic medications are often used in Type 2 Diabetes treatment?
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists
9
What are some common side effects of intestinal enzyme inhibitors (Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors)?
Gastrointestinal adverse effects (flatulence, diarrhea, bloating)
10
Which class of non-insulin glucose-lowering drugs are also known as gliptins?
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4 inhibitors)
11
What class of antidiabetic medication does Metformin belong to?
Biguanides
12
What is the primary mechanism of action of Metformin?
It primarily works by decreasing hepatic glucose production (gluconeogenesis).
13
What are the most common side effects of Metformin, especially when starting treatment?
Gastrointestinal side effects, such as diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, flatulence, and abdominal pain.
14
What serious but rare side effect is associated with Metformin, carrying a Boxed Warning?
Lactic acidosis
15
In which patients is Metformin generally contraindicated due to an increased risk of lactic acidosis?
Patients with severe renal impairment (eGFR < 30 \text{ mL/min}), or other conditions that predispose to hypoxemia or acidosis (e.g., severe heart failure, liver impairment).
16
How can patients mitigate the common gastrointestinal side effects of Metformin?
By starting at a low dose, titrating slowly, and taking the medication with food (or using an extended-release formula).
17
What is a long-term nutritional side effect that can be associated with Metformin use?
Vitamin B12 deficiency
18
What are key symptoms of the serious complication lactic acidosis that require immediate medical attention?
Unusual muscle pain, trouble breathing (dyspnea), extreme fatigue/weakness, stomach pain, dizziness, or feeling cold.
19
Does Metformin typically cause hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) when used as monotherapy?
No, Metformin is generally associated with a low risk of hypoglycemia on its own.
20
How is Metformin primarily eliminated from the body, which explains the risk in renal failure?
It is excreted unchanged by the kidneys (renal elimination).
21
Symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis
Polyuria,Polydipsia,Nausea,Fatigue,Dehydration,Kussmaul breathing,Fruity breath
22
Indulin realease is decreased by
Alpha 2 agonists
23
Which is an insulin analog with no peak
Glargine
24
MOA of glargine
insulin binds to transmembrane receptors which activate
tyrosine kinase to phosphorylate tissue-specific substrates
tyrosine kinase to phosphorylate tissue-specific substrates
25
Side effect of metformin
Lactic acidosis,Gastrointestinal distress
26
MOA of metformin
Increase tissue sensitivity to insulin or decrease hepatic gluconeogenesis
27
MOA of acarbose
Mechanisms: inhibits α-glucosidase in brush borders of small intestine
→↓ formation of absorbable carbohydrate →↓ postprandial glucose
→↓ demand for insulin
→↓ formation of absorbable carbohydrate →↓ postprandial glucose
→↓ demand for insulin
28
Side effects of suphonylureas
Hypoglycemia
– Weight gain
– Drug interactions mainly with first-generation drugs →↑ hypoglycemia with cimetidine, insulin, salicylates, sulfonamides
– Weight gain
– Drug interactions mainly with first-generation drugs →↑ hypoglycemia with cimetidine, insulin, salicylates, sulfonamides
29
MOA of sulfonylureas
Normally, K
+
efflux in pancreatic β cells maintains hyperpolarization of membranes, and insulin is released only when depolarization
occurs.
– Glucose acts as an insulinogen by increasing intracellular
ATP → closure of K
+
channels → membrane depolarization →↑
Ca
2+
influx → insulin release.
– The acute action of sulfonylureas is to block K
+
channels →
depolarization → insulin release.
+
efflux in pancreatic β cells maintains hyperpolarization of membranes, and insulin is released only when depolarization
occurs.
– Glucose acts as an insulinogen by increasing intracellular
ATP → closure of K
+
channels → membrane depolarization →↑
Ca
2+
influx → insulin release.
– The acute action of sulfonylureas is to block K
+
channels →
depolarization → insulin release.
30
Incretin is degraded by which enzyme
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 Enzyme
31
Mechanism of action of thiazolidinediones
bind to nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activating recep
tors (PPARγ) involved in transcription of insulin-responsive genes →
-
sensitization of tissues to insulin, plus ↓ hepatic gluconeogenesis and
triglycerides and ↑ insulin receptor numbers
tors (PPARγ) involved in transcription of insulin-responsive genes →
-
sensitization of tissues to insulin, plus ↓ hepatic gluconeogenesis and
triglycerides and ↑ insulin receptor numbers
Plus de flashcards : Médecine et santé
4-audition + équilibreMédecine et santé · FrançaisOcéaneDevPs| Prenatal DevelopmentMédecine et santé · AnglaisAdUverthealth and diseaseMédecine et santé · AnglaiskiwiLab Practical 2 Appendicular musclesMédecine et santé · AnglaisBIGa415Cardiorespiratory Medical DirectivesMédecine et santé · AnglaisninaVeterinary Terms: Appetite Disorders (Spanish)Médecine et santé · EspagnolAshleyToxicology and AntidotesMédecine et santé · LituanienRosielleUpper Limb Anatomy and Orthopedic InjuriesMédecine et santé · AnglaisKrisMedCardsHypersensitivityMédecine et santé · AnglaisKimExcreción y Relaciones térmicas Médecine et santé · EspagnolLuisaLecture 13 - BM failure Myelodysplastic syndromes (final)Médecine et santé · AnglaiskarebearDigestive systemMédecine et santé · AnglaisKayleigh
Tous les decks : Médecine et santé
Révise ces decks dans l’app
Gratuit sur iPhone, Android, Mac et le web. Ajoute n’importe quel deck à ton compte en un tap.
