C1.2 Cell Respiration

Type of nucleotide - adenine base ribose sugar and 3 phosphate groups(draw it)

There are high energy bonds between the three phosphates. The bond between the last two phosphates is unstable, and when broken releases energy which can be used as activation energy for metabolic chemical reactions.

synthesis of macromolecules:
ATP supplies energy for condensation reactions, such as protein or nucleic acid synthesis

The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) and an inorganic phosphate (Pi) releases energy that is used as activation energy for metabolic reactions. The regeneration of ATP from ADP and Pi by condensation reactions(phosphorilation) require energy. Cellular respiration provides the energy for the regeneration of ATP.

energy transfers during into conversions are not 100% efficient - ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP + Pi, and the free energy released during this process is lost as heat.

Process that releases energy by breaking down and oxidising glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

Gas Exchange (respiration) is the movement of oxygen form the inhaled air into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air to be exhaled.
cellular respiration involves the oxidation of carbon compounds to release energy. Respiration is the controlled release of ATP energy from organic compounds (food) within cells.

ATP can not be stored for later use.
ATP can not be transferred from cell to cell.
When ATP is used in cells, heat energy is released. This heat energy can not be reused and will be lost to the environment.

Humans: glucose and fatty acids ( food we eat )
Plants: carbohydrates or lipids made by photosynthesis

Aerobic and anaerobic respiration are vital metabolic processes in human
Both occur within cells, utilizing glucose as the initial substrate

anaerobic
doesn't require oxygen
Produces lactate or ethanol as a waste product.(creating oxygen debt)
It takes place in the cytoplasm
Net gain: 2 ATP
aerobic
breaks down glucose with oxygen(glucose + oxygen -> Energy(ATP) + Water + carbon dioxide
It primarily occurs in mitochondria
Net gain: 30 to 34 ATP

Independent variable:
- Temperature or pH

Dependent variable:
- Rate of cell respiration (volume of oxygen consumed per unit time)

Controlled variables:
- same conc of substrate
- same pH level
- same duration
- same light exposure

Oxygen uptake
CO2 Production
Consumption of glucose or other respiratory substrates

Measure O2 uptake: A capillary tube containing fluid connected to the container to measure changes in the volume of air inside the respirometer

Converting measurements to volumes: Movement of fluid in capillary tube is measured in mm and should be converted to units of volume(fluid will move towards to the tube with the organism)

Calculating rates: Volume of oxygne used must be divided by time. This rate is the dependent variable in an experiment using a respirometer

to absorb co2 allowing oxygen consumption to be messured accuratly