Exam 1 Review - Thermodynamics
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1
Enthalpy (delta h) is positive when the reaction is _______ (endothermic/exothermic).
endothermic
2
Enthalpy (delta h) is negative when the reaction is _______ (endothermic/exothermic).
exothermic
3
What is the sigfig rule for addition/subtraction?
use the number with the fewest decimal places
4
What is the sigfig rule for multiplication/division?
use the number with the fewest sig figs
5
All _____ digits are significant.
nonzero
6
Zeroes between nonzero digits are _____.
significant
7
Zeroes to the _____ of the first nonzero digits are not significant
left
8
Zeroes to the _____ of a decimal point in a number are significant
right
9
What is the rule for finding Z for ions?
absolute value of ion charge
10
What is the rule for finding Z for acidsases?
number of H+ or OH- ions a species can react with or yield/produce
11
What is the rule for finding Z for redox rxn?
number of e- exchanged
12
If delta G < 0 or Q/K < 1 the reaction is _____.
favorable/spontaneous
13
If delta G > 0 or Q/K > 1 the reaction is _____.
not favorable/not spontaneous
14
If delta G = 0 or Q/K = 1 the reaction is _____.
at equilibrium
15
What is alkalinity?
the capacity of water to neutralize acids
16
The primary form of alkalinity around neutral pH is _____.
HCO3^- (bicarbonate)
17
What is NOM?
natural organic matter is a complex mixture of organic substances which contain 2 key features - aromatic rings and unsaturated carbon bonds - both of which absorb UV light at 254 nm
18
How is NOM measured?
using a spectrophotometer to measure absorbance at 254nm which is used to approximate concentration of NOM
19
What is turbidity?
the cloudiness of water caused by suspended materials that range in size
20
What are causes of turbidity?
inorganic materials (sediment, clay) and/or organic (bacteria)
21
What are problems associated with high turbidity?
aesthetics, filterability (not as easily filtered), and disinfection (harder to disinfect - particles act as protectant for pathogens)
22
How is turbidity measured?
using a turbidimeter, measured in NTUs
23
What is pH?
the intensity of the acid or alkaline condition of a solution
24
What is the importance of pH in water treatment and distribution?
coagulation, disinfection, and corrosion (low pH can cause corrosion)
25
What are the 5 steps in drinking water treatment to separate dissolved and suspended particles?
rapid mixing/coagulation, slow mixing/flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection
26
What steps in the drinking water treatment process do jar testers mimic?
coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation
27
What are the goals of a jar tester?
destabilize a stable suspension of particles and remove NOM which is important to manage disinfectant byproducts
28
Why don't all particles settle out in the process of drinking water treatment?
electrostatic stabilization (mutual repulsion of like charges) and steric stabilization (hydrophilic portion of NOM stay in the water and hydrophobic portions stick to the particle making it hard to push particles together)
29
What are the two mechanisms of particle de-stabilization?
charge neutralization and entrapment in a precipitate (sweep floc)
30
Exothermic reactions favor solid state at higher temperatures, _____ solubility.
reducing
31
what is used to to determine how accurate a data set is?
percent error
32
what is used to determine how precise a data set is?
coefficient of variation
33
if the first non-significant digit > 5, the least significant digit is _________
incremented by 1
34
if the first non-significant digit < 5, the least significant digit is _________
unchanged
35
if the first non-significant digit = 5, raise ___ numbers to the next number but leave ___ digits unchanged
odd, even
36
what is DF when comparing two data sets?
n1+n2-2
37
how are Z and N related?
Z*M=N
38
what is the equation for EW?
MW/Z
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