Water & Wastewater
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1
what is the treatment process for a sequencing batch reactor?
1. Idle
2. Fill
3. React
4. Settle
5. Decant
2. Fill
3. React
4. Settle
5. Decant
2
what is the adsorption capacity?
amount of adsorbate taken up by the adsorbent per unit mass of the adsorbent
3
what is the equation for dosing given equilibrium adsorption capacity (qe)?
dose = C0-Ce / qe
4
what are the 5 main steps of surface water treatment for drinking water?
1. Rapid Mix
2. Flocculation
3. Sedimentation
4. Filtration
5. Disinfection
2. Flocculation
3. Sedimentation
4. Filtration
5. Disinfection
5
which type of hardness is typically removed first by increasing the pH & adding lime?
calcium carbonate hardness
6
what is the specific role of adding lime to remove carbonate hardness?
precipitate out calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate
7
what type of hardness removal requires lime and soda ash?
non-carbonate hardness (calcium and magnesium)
8
carbonate hardness is the minimum of what two values?
total hardness and alkalinity
9
non-carbonate hardness is equal to what?
total hardness - carbonate hardness
10
in activated sludge processes, Xw is equal to what other concentration?
Xr - recycled concentration
11
dissolved oxygen is lowest at what point in the day?
night (photosynthesis occurs in the morning and respiration occurs at night which removes O2)
12
why is dissolved oxygen important for aquatic life?
fish breathe it
13
what happens to the dissolved oxygen when the turbidity increases?
it decreases
14
does colder water contain more or less dissolved oxygen than warm water?
more
15
what effect does eutrophication have on dissolved oxygen?
it leads to lower dissolved oxygen due to microorganisms decomposing & excess algae
16
if salt concentration increases, what happens to dissolved oxygen levels?
if salt increases, then turbidity increases, which leads to lower dissolved oxygen levels
17
what does a typical wastewater treatment process look like?
toilet -> grit chamber -> primary clarifier -> aeration tank -> secondary clarifier (can be wasted or recycled before next step) -> disinfection -> distribution
18
what does biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) measure?
amount of oxygen required by aerobic microorganisms to break down organic matter in water over a specified period
19
what do high BOD levels indicate?
high concentration of organic matter, meaning more oxygen is required by microorganisms to decompose these substances which can strain available DO
20
why is lowering BOD essential?
to preserve oxygen levels for aquatic ecosystems and ensure water quality
21
when do you use destruction of excess alkalinity?
when alkalinity is greater than total hardness
22
equivalent weight is equal to what?
molecular weight/number of moles
23
what does normality represent?
number of equivalent weight per liter of the solution
24
normality is equal to what?
molarity*number of hydrogen ions transferred
25
what treatment can effectively remove salts?
reverse osmosis
26
what treatment can remove hardness?
ion exchange softening
27
low pH can cause what?
corrosion
28
what is dose equal to for chlorine?
demand + desired residual
29
does a higher pH increase or decrease DBPs?
increase
30
what happens to SRT when cutting wasting?
increases
31
at what step in the wastewater treatment process, should PAC be added?
before coagulation
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