Breathing and Exchange of Gases
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1
What is breathing?
Breathing is the physical process of taking in oxygen (inspiration) and releasing carbon dioxide (expiration).
2
What is the site of gaseous exchange in humans?
Alveoli of the lungs are the primary site for gaseous exchange.
3
What is inspiration?
Inspiration is the process of drawing air into the lungs by expanding the thoracic cavity.
4
What is expiration?
Expiration is the process of expelling air from the lungs by relaxing the thoracic cavity.
5
Which muscles help in inspiration?
The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles assist in inspiration.
6
Which part of the brain controls breathing?
The medulla oblongata regulates breathing rhythm.
7
What is tidal volume?
Tidal volume is the volume of air inspired or expired during normal breathing, about 500 mL in adults.
8
What is vital capacity?
Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air a person can breathe out after a maximum inhalation.
9
What is total lung capacity?
Total lung capacity is the total volume of air the lungs can hold after maximum inspiration.
10
What is residual volume?
Residual volume is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration.
11
What is diffusion in gaseous exchange?
Diffusion is the movement of gases across the alveolar membrane from high concentration to low concentration.
12
Why is alveolar surface area important?
A large alveolar surface area increases the efficiency of gas exchange.
13
What is hemoglobin’s role in respiration?
Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs.
14
How is most oxygen transported in blood?
About 97% of oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin.
15
How is most carbon dioxide transported in blood?
About 70% of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ions in plasma.
16
What is the Bohr effect?
The Bohr effect is the decrease in hemoglobin’s oxygen-binding affinity due to increased CO₂ or decreased pH.
17
What is the Haldane effect?
The Haldane effect is the increased binding of CO₂ to hemoglobin when oxygen levels are low.
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