Tax

Formal incidence: this is on the person who has direct contact
with the tax authorities, i.e. who is legally obliged to pay the tax

Actual/effective incidence: this is on the person who actually
ends up bearing the cost of the tax, i.e. who actually bears the
burden of tax

These are paid directly to the government by the person or entity liable for them
ie PAYE/Corporate tax

These are borne by one party but collected and paid to the government by another party. This tax is ultimately imposed on the final consumer of the goods or services.
ie VAT

Something that is subject to tax
ie income/capital gains/consumption

A taxable person normally pays tax in the country of residence. The jurisdiction of a tax authority is its legal right to assess, collect and enforce the payment of tax. If an individual or entity falls within the competent juristiction of a particular tax authority, then this would create an obligation upon them to apply that authority's tax laws.

This means that certain taxes are devoted entirely to certain types of expenditure, eg road tax is for roads

Progressive - Take an increasing proportion of income as income rises
Proportional - take the same proportion of income as income rises
Regressive - Take a decreasing proportion of income as income rises

Accounting profit
Less: income exempt from tax
Add: disallowable expenses
Add: Accounting depreciation
Less: Tax depreciation

Proceeds
Less: costs to sell
Equals: Net proceeds
Less: Cost of original asset
Less: enhancement costs
Less: Indexation allowance