Cell division

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1
How do you prepare a root tip?
Cut a growing root tip, fix it in acid, and stain it.
2
What dye is used to stain root tips?
Ethano-orcein.
3
Why do you use safety gear in root tip preparation?
To protect from chemicals like acid and stains.
4
Why is hydrochloric acid used in preparation?
It softens the tissue for easier spreading.
5
How long do you incubate the root tip in acid?
About 5 minutes at 60°C.
6
What do you do after incubating the root tip?
Rinse it with cold water.
7
What is the next step after rinsing?
Cut 2 mm from the root tip and place it on a slide.
8
How do you spread the root tip cells?
Squash them gently with a cover slip.
9
Why should you squash cells gently?
To avoid smearing and damaging chromosomes.
10
What are the stages of mitosis?
Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
11
What does staining help you see?
Chromosomes during mitosis.
12
What is the formula for the mitotic index?
Mitotic index = (Cells with visible chromosomes ÷ Total cells observed).
13
What does a high mitotic index indicate?
High cell division activity.
14
What does the mitotic index measure?
The proportion of dividing cells.
15
How do you calculate actual cell size?
Actual size = Image size ÷ Magnification.
16
What is a graticule?
A tool for measuring structures under a microscope.
17
What are artefacts in microscopy?
Distortions caused by preparation methods.
18
Why do artefacts appear in electron microscopy?
Complex sample preparation introduces errors.
19
How can you avoid artefacts?
Use careful techniques when preparing samples.
20
What happens if the tissue is not spread thinly?
Light cannot pass through, making observation difficult.
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