Thyroid Gland
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1
What is T4 hormone called?
Tetraiodothryonine
2
What is T3 hormone called?
Tri iodothyronine
3
Where does the thyroid gland originate from?
Foramen caecum in the tongue
4
What enzyme is responsible for iodide binding to thryoglobulin?
Thyroid perioxidase
5
What is the oxidising agent require for iodide to bind to thyroglobulin?
Hydrogen peroxide
6
Binding of what to what stimulates the Sodium iodide symport protein?
Binding of TSH to TSH receptors
7
What is the role of the sodium iodide symport protein?
Transports iodide from the capillaries into follicular cells
8
What do follicular cells secrete?
Thryoxine
9
Where are TSH receptors found?
Plasma cell membrane
10
What protein is found in the colloid?
Thyroglobulin
11
Via what channel protein is iodide able to diffuse out of the apical surface of the follicular cell into the colloid?
Pendrin symporter
12
Where are Thyroid hormone receptors found?
Nucleus membrane
13
What shape are colloid cells in the thyroid?
Cuboidal when active
14
What two molecules can be produced once iodide binds to thyroglobulin?
Monoiodotyrosine; Di iodotyrosine
15
What is thyroid binding globulin and what is its function?
Protein which binds to thryoid hormones T3 and T4
16
What is free thyroid hormones?
When thyroid hormones are not bound to a protein
17
What are three types of protein thryoid hormones can be bound to?
Thyroid binding globulin ( AKA thyroxine binding protein ); Albumin; Transthyretin
18
What are thyroid deiodinases?
Enzymes which convert T4 into T3
19
Where is D1 deiodinase found and what is its role?
Found in the liver, kidneys and thryoid; Role is to increase T3 in circulation
20
Where is D2 deiodinase found and what is its role?
Found in the brain and brown adispose tissue and skeletal muscle; Its role is to maintain T3 levels
21
Where is D3 deiodinase found and what is its role?
Found in the brain and the placenta; Its role is to protect from excess T3/T4 levels
22
Which thyroid hormone is inert and which is active?
T4 is inert and T3 in active
23
What happens to TSH levels when levels of free T4 and free T3 decrease?
TSH secretion increases via negative feedback loop
24
Describe the metabolism behind hyperthyroidsim?
Increased basal metabolic rate —> increased appetite
25
What opthalmic effects does hyperthyroid have?
Causes bulgings due to increase pressure behind the eye ball
26
How does hyperthyroidism affect the skin and bones?
Causes sweaty skin; Causes osteoporosis
27
How does hyperthyroidsim affect the haematological system?
Pernicious anaemia
28
How does hyperthyroidsim affect reproduction?
Causes erectile dysfunction; Loss of period
29
How does hyperthyroidism affect insulin secretion and gluconeogenesis?
Decreases insulin secretion; Increases gluconeogenesis
30
What is Grave’s disease?
An autoimmune disease which causes an over active thyroid gland so overproduction of thryoid hormones
31
What are the risk factors of Grave’s disease?
Genetics - HLA DR3, HLA-B8; Excess iodine; Smoking
32
What are some other causes of thyrotoxicosis?
- Toxic mulinodular goitre
- Grave's Disease
- TSH secreting pituitary adenoma
- Grave's Disease
- TSH secreting pituitary adenoma
33
What is thyrotoxicosis?
Over production of thyroid hormones - not necessarily due to a hyperactive thryoid gland
34
What is toxic nodular goitres?
Enlarged thyroid gland that contains one or more nodules that produces excess thryoid hormone
35
How is hyperthyroidsim managed?
Thyroidectomy; Medications such as Thionamides
36
How does hypothyroidism affect the skin?
Causes dry skin
37
What cardiovascular affects does hypothyroidsim have?
Causes sinus bradycardia; J waves may be seen on ECG
38
What affect does hypothyroidism have on the GI tract?
Can cause constipation
39
How does hypothyroidsim affect the nerves, skin and bones?
Slow relaxing reflexes; Dry skin; Dementia
40
How does hypothyroidsim affect the renal and haematological systems?
Reduces glomerular filtration rate; Normocytic, normochromic anaemia
41
How does hypothyroidism affect endocrine and metabolism?
Decreased basal metabolic rate - reduced appetite
42
What are some causes of hypothyroidisim?
Hashimotos disease, Lithium
43
What is iodine essential for?
Thyroid hormone production
44
What are some common sources of iodine?
Eggs, dariy, seafood
45
What can an iodine deficiency lead to?
46
How is hypothyroidsim diagnosed?
47
How is hypothyroidsim treated?
T4 replacement
48
How much iodine is recommended for pregnant women to take daily?
250 micrograms daily
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