Bacterial Diseases: Streptococcus pyogenes
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1
What bacterium causes strep throat?
Streptococcus pyogenes.
2
What is the Gram reaction of Streptococcus pyogenes?
Gram-positive.
3
How are Streptococcus pyogenes cells arranged?
In chains.
4
How is strep throat transmitted?
Respiratory droplets.
5
What are common symptoms of strep throat?
Fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and tonsil exudate.
6
What does M protein help Streptococcus pyogenes do?
Adhere to host cells and evade immune defenses.
7
What does streptokinase do?
Breaks down blood clots.
8
What do streptolysins do?
Damage and destroy blood cells.
9
What causes scarlet fever?
An erythrogenic toxin from Streptococcus pyogenes.
10
How does Streptococcus pyogenes acquire the scarlet fever toxin gene?
Through a bacteriophage.
11
What causes erysipelas?
Usually Streptococcus pyogenes.
12
What tissue does erysipelas affect?
The dermis and upper skin layers.
13
What does erysipelas look like?
Raised, red, inflamed skin patches.
14
What is necrotizing fasciitis?
A rapidly spreading infection that destroys fascia and deeper tissues.
15
How do bacteria commonly enter to cause necrotizing fasciitis?
Through wounds or breaks in the skin.
16
How is necrotizing fasciitis treated?
Urgent antibiotics and surgical removal of dead tissue.
17
What is pneumonia?
Inflammation of the lungs involving fluid in the alveoli.
18
What is a major cause of bacterial pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
19
What is the Gram reaction of Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Gram-positive.
20
What does the pneumococcal capsule do?
Protects the bacterium from phagocytosis.
21
What does pneumolysin do?
Damages host cell membranes and ciliated cells.
22
What does IgA protease do?
Breaks down secretory IgA antibodies.
23
What are common symptoms of pneumococcal pneumonia?
Fever, fatigue, and persistent cough.
24
How can pneumococcal pneumonia be prevented?
Vaccination against capsule polysaccharides.
25
Which bacterium can cause pneumonia and meningitis?
Haemophilus influenzae.
26
What type of pneumonia can Mycoplasma pneumoniae cause?
Atypical pneumonia.
27
Why do beta-lactam antibiotics not work against Mycoplasma?
It lacks a typical peptidoglycan cell wall.
28
What is food intoxication?
Illness caused by toxin already present in food.
29
What is food infection?
Illness caused by consuming living bacteria that grow in the body.
30
What bacterium causes staphylococcal food intoxication?
Staphylococcus aureus.
31
What causes symptoms in staphylococcal food intoxication?
Preformed enterotoxin in food.
32
What are symptoms of staphylococcal food intoxication?
Nausea, vomiting, cramps, and diarrhea.
33
Why can symptoms begin quickly after eating contaminated food?
The toxin is already present in the food.
34
Why may reheating food not prevent staphylococcal food intoxication?
The enterotoxin is heat-resistant.
35
Are antibiotics usually useful for staphylococcal food intoxication?
No; the illness is caused by preformed toxin.
36
What bacterium causes cholera?
Vibrio cholerae.
37
What is the shape and Gram reaction of Vibrio cholerae?
A curved Gram-negative rod.
38
How is cholera transmitted?
Contaminated food or water.
39
What is the characteristic stool of cholera?
Rice-water stool.
40
What causes cholera's severe watery diarrhea?
Cholera toxin.
41
What are the two parts of cholera toxin?
A and B subunits.
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What does the B subunit of cholera toxin do?
Binds to intestinal host cells.
43
What does the A subunit of cholera toxin do?
Activates adenylate cyclase.
44
What happens to cAMP during cholera?
Intracellular cAMP increases.
45
What does increased cAMP cause?
Increased electrolyte secretion into the intestine.
46
Why does cholera cause dehydration?
Water follows secreted electrolytes into the intestine.
47
What is the priority treatment for cholera?
Rapid fluid and electrolyte replacement.
48
What antibiotic was discussed for cholera?
Tetracycline.
49
How can cholera be prevented?
Safe water, sanitation, and proper food handling.
50
What bacterium causes peptic ulcer disease?
Helicobacter pylori.
51
What is the shape and Gram reaction of Helicobacter pylori?
A curved Gram-negative rod.
52
How does Helicobacter pylori move through stomach mucus?
Using flagella.
53
What enzyme helps Helicobacter pylori survive stomach acid?
Urease.
54
What does urease break down?
Urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide.
55
How does ammonia help Helicobacter pylori?
It raises the local pH around the bacterium.
56
How does Helicobacter pylori contribute to ulcers?
It damages the protective stomach lining.
57
What test can detect Helicobacter pylori?
The urea breath test.
58
What medications were discussed for Helicobacter pylori treatment?
Clarithromycin and omeprazole.
59
Which bacterium commonly causes staphylococcal skin infections?
Staphylococcus aureus.
60
What is folliculitis?
Infection or inflammation of hair follicles.
61
What is impetigo?
A superficial skin infection with crusty lesions.
62
What causes scalded-skin syndrome?
Staphylococcal exfoliative toxins.
63
What does Protein A do?
Binds antibody Fc regions and interferes with phagocytosis.
64
What does coagulase do?
Promotes blood clot formation.
65
What does the Staphylococcus aureus capsule help prevent?
Phagocytosis.
66
What does staphylococcal lipase help bacteria do?
Grow on skin.
67
What does beta-lactamase do?
Breaks down beta-lactam antibiotics.
68
What does toxic shock syndrome toxin do?
Acts as a superantigen and triggers severe inflammation.
69
What can toxic shock syndrome cause?
Severe low blood pressure and shock.
70
What bacterium causes gas gangrene?
Clostridium perfringens.
71
What is the Gram reaction of Clostridium perfringens?
Gram-positive.
72
What is the oxygen requirement of Clostridium perfringens?
Obligate anaerobe.
73
What important structure does Clostridium perfringens form?
Spores.
74
How does gas gangrene develop?
Spores enter deep wounds and grow in low-oxygen tissue.
75
What causes tissue destruction in gas gangrene?
Bacterial toxins.
76
What are symptoms of gas gangrene?
Severe pain, swelling, foul odor, and gas in tissue.
77
What causes crepitation in gas gangrene?
Gas trapped in infected tissue.
78
How is gas gangrene treated?
Antibiotics and surgical debridement; amputation may be needed.
79
Why can hyperbaric oxygen help gas gangrene?
High oxygen levels inhibit the obligate anaerobe.
80
What bacterium causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever?
Rickettsia rickettsii.
81
Is Rickettsia rickettsii intracellular?
Yes; it lives and reproduces inside host cells.
82
How is Rocky Mountain spotted fever transmitted?
By an infected Dermacentor tick.
83
What are common symptoms of Rocky Mountain spotted fever?
Fever, muscle pain, malaise, and rash.
84
Where does the Rocky Mountain spotted fever rash usually begin?
At the extremities and spreads inward.
85
What causes tissue damage in Rocky Mountain spotted fever?
Infection and damage to blood vessels.
86
What antibiotic group treats Rocky Mountain spotted fever?
Tetracyclines.
87
What bacterium causes epidemic typhus?
Rickettsia prowazekii.
88
How is epidemic typhus transmitted?
By infected body lice.
89
Where does the typhus rash usually begin?
On the trunk and spreads outward.
90
What test was discussed for rickettsial diseases?
The Weil-Felix test.
91
What does the Weil-Felix test detect?
Cross-reacting antibodies that agglutinate Proteus OX19.
92
What antibiotic group treats typhus?
Tetracyclines.
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