Revised Penal Code: Falsification, Perjury, and Bribery

A person belonging to a class specified in Article 171 who commits a prohibited act of falsification while taking advantage of official position, where required.

Article 171 addresses specified official offenders; Article 172 addresses specified falsification offenses committed by private persons and certain uses of falsified documents.

A prohibited false narration in a document when the offender has a legal obligation to disclose the truth and the other statutory elements exist.

Making or imitating a signature, handwriting, or rubric in a manner prohibited by Article 171.

Changing a genuine document's date when the alteration is legally material and satisfies Article 171.

They involve different statutory requirements; falsification of a private document generally requires damage or intent to cause damage.

Knowingly introducing or using a falsified document in circumstances penalized by Article 172.

Knowingly making an untruthful statement under oath or executing a false affidavit on a material matter before a person authorized to administer an oath, under the statutory conditions.

Perjury requires a knowingly false material statement made under a legally required or authorized oath or affidavit.

The false statement must concern a matter material to the purpose for which the oath or affidavit is required.

A public officer's acceptance of an offer, promise, gift, or present in consideration of conduct specified by Article 210 in connection with official duties.

A public officer's acceptance of gifts offered by reason of the officer's office.

A law enforcement officer's acceptance of an offer, promise, gift, or present in consideration of refraining from arresting or prosecuting an offender for a crime punishable by reclusion perpetua or death under the provision.

Giving an offer, promise, gift, or present to a public officer under circumstances that make the public officer liable for direct or indirect bribery.

Direct bribery involves a statutory exchange connected to official conduct; indirect bribery involves acceptance of gifts by reason of office without the same required exchange.

A public officer's direct or indirect financial interest in a transaction in which the officer is prohibited by law from having such interest.

Having an interest in a business, contract, or transaction that the officer is legally prohibited from holding under the article.

A responsible public officer's negligent conduct that permits another person to take public funds or property under the officer's custody.

The accused must have the legally required responsibility or custody of the public funds or property.

Applying public funds or property appropriated by law or ordinance for a particular public purpose to a different public use.

Technical malversation involves diversion to another public use; ordinary malversation concerns misappropriation, taking, or culpable loss of accountable public funds or property.

An accountable public officer's failure to render required accounts within the period and conditions specified by law.

Technical malversation.

A public officer's removal, concealment, or destruction of officially entrusted documents under the article's requirements.

A public officer's disclosure of official secrets or delivery of papers or copies in circumstances prohibited by the article.

A judicial or executive officer's open refusal to execute a judgment, decision, or order of a superior authority within the article's requirements.

A public officer's refusal, without lawful justification, to obey a lawful order of a superior issued within official authority.

A public officer's abandonment of office to the detriment of public service under the conditions specified by law.

An executive or judicial officer's unlawful assumption of powers belonging to the legislative branch.

A judge's unlawful assumption of functions belonging to executive authorities.

An executive officer's unlawful assumption of judicial powers or obstruction of a judicial order under the article.

A prohibited refusal to obey a lawful superior order, subject to the specific statutory elements and exceptions.

Attacking, employing force, seriously intimidating, or seriously resisting a person in authority or agent while performing official duties or on the occasion of those duties, under the article's conditions.

Using force or intimidation against a person coming to the aid of an authority or agent during a direct assault.

Resisting or seriously disobeying a person in authority or agent performing official duties, or committing the lesser resistance or disobedience penalized by the article.

Direct assault requires the attack, force, or serious intimidation or resistance covered by Article 148; Article 151 punishes conduct falling within its distinct elements.

Conduct disturbing public peace through acts specifically enumerated in Article 155.

Removing a person confined in jail or a penal establishment, or helping the person's escape, under the article's requirements.

A convicted person serving a final sentence escapes from confinement or otherwise evades service under the statutory conditions.

A convict escapes during specified calamities, catastrophes, or disorders and fails to surrender within the legally prescribed period.

A conditionally pardoned convict's violation of a condition of pardon under the circumstances specified by law.

Arbitrary detention is committed by a public officer or employee under Article 124; illegal detention under Articles 267 or 268 generally involves private offenders.

Failure by a public officer or employee to deliver a person lawfully detained without a warrant within the applicable statutory period.

Twelve hours for offenses punishable by light penalties, eighteen hours for correctional penalties, and thirty-six hours for afflictive or capital penalties.

A public officer's unlawful delay in carrying out a judicial or executive order for release, or in related legally required proceedings.

A public officer's unlawful expulsion of a person from the Philippines or compulsion to change residence, outside circumstances authorized by law.

A public officer's unlawful entry into a dwelling, search of papers or effects without required consent, or refusal to leave after a lawful request, under the article's conditions.

It helps identify conduct by a public officer that may constitute violation of domicile when the article's elements are present.

Arbitrary detention under Article 124.

Technical malversation under Article 220, if all statutory elements are established.