Feminist Criminology
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1
What is feminist criminology?
A field examining how gender, social inequalities, power relations, and gendered institutions shape offending, victimization, and criminal justice responses.
2
What major limitation of traditional criminology did early feminist scholars challenge?
The tendency to develop theories primarily from male experiences while overlooking women's offending, victimization, and treatment by justice institutions.
3
What is the gender gap in crime?
The observed difference in offending or criminal justice involvement between males and females, which varies by offense, age, place, and measurement method.
4
Why must arrest statistics be interpreted cautiously when studying gender differences in offending?
Arrests reflect enforcement and reporting practices as well as behavior and do not directly measure every offense committed.
5
What is liberal feminist criminology?
An approach emphasizing unequal opportunities, discrimination, and institutional barriers while advocating equal rights and treatment.
6
What is radical feminist criminology?
An approach emphasizing patriarchy, gendered power relations, and their connections to violence, victimization, and social control.
7
What is Marxist feminist criminology?
An approach analyzing women's experiences of crime and justice through the interaction of capitalism, economic inequality, and gender relations.
8
What is socialist feminist criminology?
An approach examining how economic class structures and patriarchal gender relations jointly shape offending, victimization, and institutional responses.
9
What is postmodern feminist criminology?
An approach questioning universal claims about women and examining how language, knowledge, identity, and power shape understandings of crime.
10
What is intersectionality?
A framework examining how overlapping social positions and systems of inequality jointly shape people's experiences and opportunities.
11
Who introduced the term intersectionality in influential legal scholarship?
Kimberlé Crenshaw.
12
Why is intersectionality important in criminological research?
It helps explain why gender alone may not adequately describe differences in victimization, offending, or justice-system treatment.
13
What is the pathways perspective in feminist criminology?
An approach examining how life histories, relationships, victimization, economic circumstances, and other experiences may contribute to offending.
14
Who is particularly associated with influential feminist pathways research on women's offending?
Kathleen Daly.
15
What is a gendered pathway to crime?
A sequence of experiences and social circumstances influencing offending that may be shaped by gender-related expectations, opportunities, or inequalities.
16
Why does the pathways perspective not imply that all female offenders have experienced abuse?
It identifies patterns and possible mechanisms without treating any single experience as universal or sufficient to cause offending.
17
What is the victimization-offending overlap?
The finding that some individuals experience both victimization and offending, with relationships that vary across contexts and populations.
18
What is survival-related offending in feminist pathways research?
Illegal conduct that may occur in connection with efforts to obtain necessities, escape threats, or manage severely constrained circumstances.
19
What is the feminist critique of treating women's offending as simply a smaller version of men's offending?
It may overlook differences in social context, relationships, opportunities, coercion, and pathways into criminal behavior.
20
What is gender-responsive criminal justice programming?
Programming designed to address relevant gender-related experiences and needs while remaining evidence-based and individualized.
21
What is the difference between gender-responsive and gender-stereotyped programming?
Gender-responsive programming assesses relevant needs and evidence, while gender-stereotyped programming assumes individuals share traits solely because of gender.
22
What is patriarchy in feminist social theory?
A system of social relationships and institutions in which men as a group have historically held disproportionate power and authority.
23
What is hegemonic masculinity?
R. W. Connell's concept describing culturally dominant ideals of masculinity that help legitimize particular gender hierarchies.
24
How can masculinity norms be examined in relation to violent offending?
Researchers may study whether pressures to demonstrate dominance, toughness, or status contribute to violence in specific settings.
25
Why is masculinity theory not a claim that men are naturally violent?
It examines socially constructed expectations and contextual pressures rather than assuming violence is biologically inevitable.
26
What is structured action theory in the study of gender and crime?
James Messerschmidt's approach examining how crime may be used as a resource for accomplishing masculinity within particular social circumstances.
27
Who is associated with the theory of crime as a resource for accomplishing masculinity?
James W. Messerschmidt.
28
What is power-control theory in criminology?
A theory linking family power relationships, parental supervision, and gendered socialization to differences in adolescent risk-taking and delinquency.
29
Who developed power-control theory?
John Hagan, A. R. Gillis, and John Simpson.
30
What does power-control theory predict about patriarchal family arrangements?
They may produce greater supervision and control of daughters than sons, contributing to gender differences in risk-taking.
31
How do more egalitarian family arrangements figure in power-control theory?
The theory predicts that less gender-differentiated supervision may narrow some differences in risk-taking and delinquency.
32
What is an important limitation of power-control theory?
Family structures and supervision practices vary widely, and its predictions are not equally supported across all populations or offenses.
33
What is the chivalry hypothesis in criminal justice research?
The proposition that paternalistic attitudes may sometimes lead authorities to treat female suspects or offenders more leniently.
34
What is the evil woman hypothesis?
The proposition that women who violate both criminal laws and traditional gender expectations may sometimes receive especially harsh reactions.
35
Why can the chivalry and evil woman hypotheses produce different predictions?
They emphasize different conditions under which gender expectations may influence official responses.
36
What is the double deviance concept?
The idea that some female offenders may be judged for violating both legal rules and socially prescribed gender roles.
37
What is the liberation hypothesis associated with Freda Adler?
The historically influential argument that expanding women's social opportunities could also increase opportunities for certain forms of female offending.
38
Who wrote Sisters in Crime: The Rise of the New Female Criminal in 1975?
Freda Adler.
39
What is a major criticism of the liberation hypothesis?
Changes in women's rights or employment do not by themselves establish corresponding increases in offending, and crime trends have multiple causes.
40
What is the economic marginalization perspective on women's offending?
An approach emphasizing how poverty, restricted economic opportunities, and financial insecurity can shape some patterns of offending.
41
What is gender-based violence?
Violence directed at a person or disproportionately affecting people because of gender, including forms of physical, sexual, psychological, or other abuse.
42
What is coercive control in intimate relationships?
A pattern of intimidation, isolation, monitoring, threats, or other behaviors used to dominate another person's autonomy.
43
Why is coercive control important in criminological assessment?
A pattern of domination may reveal risks and harms that are not captured by examining isolated incidents alone.
44
What is secondary victimization?
Additional harm caused by insensitive, blaming, dismissive, or otherwise harmful responses after an initial victimization.
45
What is victim blaming?
Attributing unjustified responsibility for an offense to the person harmed rather than appropriately examining the offender's conduct.
46
Scenario: A researcher examines how poverty and gender discrimination interact to affect women's exposure to exploitation. Which framework is most appropriate?
Intersectional feminist criminology.
47
Scenario: A woman repeatedly engages in minor theft while experiencing housing insecurity and economic dependence on an abusive partner. Which approach examines her life circumstances without excusing the offense?
The feminist pathways perspective.
48
Scenario: A youth commits assault after peers challenge his toughness and social standing. Which perspective may help analyze the behavior?
Masculinity-based criminological theory, particularly the social construction of masculine status.
49
Scenario: A study finds daughters receive stricter parental monitoring than sons, and the difference is associated with lower reported risk-taking. Which theory is relevant?
Power-control theory.
50
Scenario: A female offender receives unusually severe criticism because her conduct violates expectations of motherhood. Which concept may apply?
Double deviance or the evil woman hypothesis.
51
Scenario: An investigator repeatedly blames a complainant for remaining in an abusive relationship. What harmful practice does this illustrate?
Victim blaming, which may contribute to secondary victimization.
52
What is the principal contribution of feminist criminology to modern criminological theory?
It broadens the analysis of crime and justice by examining gendered experiences, power relations, victimization, institutional responses, and diversity within populations.
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