unit 8

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion, reputation, or behavior

emotions, thoughts, behaviors that are dysfunctional, interfere with daily life

the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and (in most cases) cured, often through treatment in a hospital

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
supports the vulnerability-stress model: psycholological disorders come from a combo of individual characteristics and environmental stressors

to predict a disorder's future cause, to suggest appropriate treatment, and to prompt research into its causes

APA's Diagnostic and Statistical Manuak of Mental Disorders, 5th edition
widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

wide range of risk/protective factors, poverty is pretty universal

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

intense fear and avoidance of social situations
anxious in social situations where others may judge them
includes phsycial symptos

a person is continuously tense, aprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
out-of-control agitated feeling, excessive worry for 6+ months
2/3 are women

unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations
often followed by worry over a possible next attack

persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation
treated by exposure therapy(gradual) or flooding(most extreme at once)

fear or avoidance of situations where one has felt loss of control or panic or of public situations from which escape may be difficult

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hyper-vigilance, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
best treated by group therapy

some people may have a more sensitive emotion-processing lymbic system that floods their bodies with stress hormones, which explains why PTSD may coexist with another disorder

recovering after severe stress

positive transformation following trauma

fear can become linked with formerly neutral objects and events

when someone experiences a fearful event and later develops a fear of similar stimuli

helps maintain learned fears and anxiety

shape our expectations, influence our interpretations/ reactions

a disorder in which a person experiences 2 or more weeks with 5 or more symptoms (defined in the DSM-5), at least one of which must be either depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure

dysthymia
experience of a mildly depressed mood more often than not for 2 years or more

a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common
little need for sleep, fewer sexual inhibitions, positive emotions persist abnormally, speech is loud flighty and hard to stop, irritated by advice, poor judgement

to find the genes that put people at risk for depression
finds differences between genetics of affected and unaffected family members

norepinephrine: increases arousal, boosts mood (lacking with depression, overabundant with mania)
serotonin: scarce or inactive with depression

how people's assumptions and expectactions influence what they perceive

compulsive fretting, overthinking problems and their causes

stressful experiences->negative explanatory style (rumination)->depressed mood (hopelessness)-> cognitive and behavior changes->

painful, not fatal behaviors
distraction, attention, guilt, fitting in, self-criticism

a disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished innapropriate emotional expression

a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality

positive: inappropriate behaviors present
negative: appropriate behaviors absent

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external stimulus

a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

motor behaviors ranging from physical stupor to senseless, compulsive actions

as young people mature into adulthood

symptoms appear by late adolescence/early adulthood
as you age, episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten

begins at any age
frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event
recovery is more likely

excess dopamine receptors cause hyper-responsivity and creates hallucinations

low activity in frontal lobes (reasoning,planning,etc)
smaller than normal areas (cortex, hippocampus, corpus callosum, thalamus)

prenatal virus/infection can influence the possibility

social withdrawal, mother with severe schizophrenia, short attention span, poor muscle coordination, and more

a psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause

a person experiences very specific, phsycial symptoms that are not compatible with recognized medical or neurological conditions

a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previouys memories, thoughts, and feelings

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits 2 or more distinct and alternating identities

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

sensitivity to rejection leads to withdrawn nature

emotionless disengagemet

attention seeking impulsivity

self-focused and self-inflating behavior

a personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing (even toward family and friends) may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist
usually male

persona maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise

person's binge eating is followed by innapropriate weight loss promoting behavior (vomiting, laxatives, fasting, escessive exercise)

significant binge-eating episodes followed by distress, disgust, or guilt without compensatory behavior