ch. 14-21

first significant engagement of the Civil War
800 killed-more than any battle previously
Northern Virginia
people watched, led to Union retreat

McCellan vs. Lee
Union offensive, not very successful
Lee invaded the north after countering the offensive

Confederate offensive led by Lee
not succesful
more Americans died than any other day in the nation's history

name for escaping slaves
Benjamin F. Butler's policy of treating escaped Black people as contraband of war

opponents of slavery- said the institution should be a target of the Union war effort

freed enslaved individuals in states/areas firmly under Union control

the transformation of American government and society brought about by the Civil War

Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional to bring accused persons before military tibunals where civil courts were operating. The constitution is not suspended in wartime.
response to public sentiment where Republicans wanted criticism of the war effort to be considered treason

to spur agricultural development
offered 160 acres of free public land to settlers in the west
took effect same day as the Emancipation Proclamation

Omaha, Nebraska to San Francisco
reduced the time of a cross-country journey from 4/5 months to 6 days
expanded the national market, facilitated the spread of settlement and investment in the west, heralded the doom of the Plains Indians

raids from different tribes that the Navajo were mainly victims of led to Union war on the Navajo
destoryed their orchards, killed their sheep, forces 8000 people to move to a reservation created by the government
eventually allowed to return to a portion of their lands

women in the North-United States Sanitary Commission(national relief agency)
grand bazaars that displayed military banners, uniforms, and other relics of the war and sold goods to raise money for soldiers' aid

Southerners expected Great Britain to side with them because they could not survive without their cotton
untrue

largest battle ever fought on North American soil
Confederate offensive led by Lee that led to retreat (unsuccessful)

simultaneous with Gettysburg
Confederate defeat, heavy blow to morale

when the government put islands up for sale, most of it was bought by northern investors who allowed Black people to work for wages in more humane conditions then slavery
felt it demonstrated the success of free wage labor

Lincoln's policy on the political status of AAs
amnesty and restoration of rights/property (minus enslaved people) to white southerners who took an oath affirming loyalty to the union
no role for Black people in the shaping of the post-slavery order

a majority of white male southerners needed to pledge support for the Union before Reconstruction could begin in any state
guaranteed equality before the law for Black people, but not the right to vote

abolished slavery throughout the entire Union
first appearance of the word "slavery" in the Constitution

where Lee surrendered, official end of the Civil War (April 9, 1865)

agency established by Congress in an attempt to establish a working free labor system

initially a compromise between Black people's desire for land and planters' demand for labor discipline
allowed each black family to rent part of a plantation, dividing the crop between worker and landowner at the end of the year

to obtain supplies from merchants, farmers were forced to take up the growing of cotton and pledge part of the crop as collateral

laws in the South attempting to regulate the lives of the formerly enslaved
granted rights: legalized marriage, ownership of property, and limited access to the courts
denied rights: testify against whites, serve on juries/state militias, vote