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a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

istincts (complex, unlearned behavior rigidly patterned throughout a species) are the source of our motivations as they allow us to survive

physiological needs create an aroused, motivated state (a drive) that pushes us to behave in a way that reduces the need and returns the body to a state of homeostasis

humans seek optimal levels of arousal. having all our biological needs satisfied, we are driven to experience stimulation: lacking it, we feel bored and look for a way to increase arousal and when we are given too much (stress), we look for a way to decrease arousal

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

basic bodily requirements

driven by biological need

driven by emotional/cognitive/intellectual needs

both physiologically and psychologically motivated

the tendency to maintain a balanced/constant internal state
regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a specific level

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
moderate arousal leads to optimal performance

pyramid of human needs- they are hierarchical (some have priority over others)
physiological->safety->belongingness/love->esteem->self-actualization->self-transcendence

whenever he felt hungry, he was having stomach contractions

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues (when levels are low, we are hungry)

secretes appetite-stimulating and appetite-supressing hormones
responds to blood chemistry and incoming information

hunger arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach

a stable weight that the body aims to maintain

the resting rate of energy expenditure for maintaining basic body functions

watching something arousing increases snacking
you eat more when eating with others
larger portions induce bigger bites which lead to eating more before you realize you are full
people eat more when given more options
smaller containers make it look like there is more food

body mass index of 30 or higher

having no sexual attraction to others

sex synchronizes with fertility
female sexuality peaks when estrogen peaks (at ovulation), testosterone remains more consistent creating a more consistent sex drive in males

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution (has a refractory period)

when we see/hearead erotic material, we become aroused
feelings of arousal closely mirror physical responses

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

excessive self-love and self-absorption

a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills/ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard
the more you acheive, the more you need to acheive

mix of bodily arousal, expressive behaviors, conscious experiennce, and feelings

emotions arise from our awareness of our bodily responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger our bodily responses and subjective experience

experience of emotion depends on 2 factors: arousal and a conscious, cognitive interpretation/appraisal labeling the emotion

we have many emotional reactions apart from, or even before, our conscious interpretation of a situation, some responses happen instantly without conscious appraisal

conscious appraisal defines emotion, but out brain processes vast amounts of information without our awareness (some emotional responses don't require conscious thinking)

joy, interest-excitement, suprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, guilt (+ pride and love, some say)

sympathetic mobilizes the body for action, parasympathetic gradually calms the body

when given thin slices of behavior, women generallu surpass men at reading emotional cues

expressions amplify and regulate emotions

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings
helps empathy

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions
helps empathy

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events that we appraise as threatening or challenging

catastrophies: unpredictable large-scale events
significant life changes
daily hassles and social stress

the stages of the body's response to stress
1. alarm reaction (sympathetic nervous system is activated to mobilize body resources to "fight" the stressor)
2. resistance (temperature, blood pressure, respiration stay high)
3. exhaustion (more vulnerable to illness)

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with/seek support from others (befriend)

subfield of psychology, contribution to behavioral medicine

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

people are at an increased risk for cancer within a year of ecperiencing depression, helplessness, or bereavement (grief over a loved one)

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle
leading cause of death in many developed countries

A: competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, anger-prone

the idea that releasing aggressive energy, through action or fantasy, relieves agressive urges

get sick less often, self-discipline, healthier relationships, longer lives, better social skills

feeling liked and encouraged by intimate friends and family, promotes happiness/health

developing more optimistic thinking, building social support, having a sense of personal control

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness
helps alleviate depression and anxiety, lowers blood pressure reation to stress

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner

religiously active people tend to live longer than those who are not
possibly due to the promotion of healthy behaviors, social support, and positive emotions

people's tendency to be helpful when in a good mood

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

self-percieved happiness or satisfaction with life

happiness is relative to our own experience
our tendency to form judgements relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

hapiness is relative to others' sucess
the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

view of personality with a focus on the unconscious and on the importance of childhood experiences

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Freud: a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
contemporary: information processing of which we are unaware

a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrasing ("talk therapy")

mistakes or slips of the tongue that we make in everyday speech, thought to reflect unconscious thoughts or wishes

unconscious psychic energy, strives to satisfy basic drives (sex and aggression)
acts on the pleasure principle (demanding immediate satisfaction)

conscious "executive" part of personality
acts on the reality principle (satisfying the id's desires in a way that will bring pleasure over pain)

represents internalized ideals, providew judgement (conscience) and future aspirations

oral (0-18 months): pleasure centers on the mouth
anal (18-36 months): pleasure focuses on bowel/ bladder movements, coping with demands for control
phallic (3-6 years): pleasure zone in the genitals, coping with incestuous feelings
latency (6-puberty): a phase of dormant sexual feelings
genital (puberty-on): maturation of sexual interests

used by the ego to deal with feelings (repressed) and protect the self from anxiety

retreating to childhood behavior or comforts

behaving in a way that is opposite to how you really feel

disguising your own thoughts as someone elses

justifying with excuses

putting your feelings on an easier target

choose a socially valued response

refusing to acknowledge the outcome

shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces and archetypes from our species' history and universal experiences

a personality test that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

a set of 10 inkblots, seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretation of the blots

a theory of death-related anxiety
thinking about one's mortality provokes various terror-management defenses

theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

acceptance (unconditional positive regard), genuineness, and empathy

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves

questionnares and interviews/conversation

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways
assessed by a self-report inventory or peer report

extraversion-introversion
emotional stability-instability

seeks stimulation because their brain arousal is relatively low

a questionnaire ( true/false and agree/disagree questions ) designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors, assessed selected traits

main personality test
originally for identifying emotional disorders

created by selecting from a pool of items those that discriminate between groups

Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Openness
Extraversion

behavior is influenced by interaction between people's traits, actions of others, and environmental factors

the effects of learning on personality development

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

the center of personality
organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

overestimating others' noticing and evalation our appearance, performance, and blunders

sense of sompetence and effectiveness

feelings of high/low self worth

excessive optimism: falsue illusions about reality
blindness to one's own incompetence: most overconfident when ignorant
self-serving bias: a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

priority to one's goals over the group's
define identity in terms of personal attributes

priority to the goals of a group
define identity in terms of group identifications