1What is transduction?
The process of converting energy from one form to another
2What is input energy in a transducer?
The energy received by the transducer
3What is output energy in a transducer?
The energy produced by the transducer
4What does a thermometer convert?
Thermal energy into a measurable electrical signal
5What do sensors detect?
Physical, chemical, or biological changes in the environment
6Give examples of sensor categories
Temperature, light, pressure, motion, proximity, gas, sound, humidity sensors
7What does a thermocouple generate?
A voltage proportional to temperature difference
8What does a thermistor change when temperature changes?
Its resistance
9In an RTD, what happens to resistance as temperature increases?
Resistance increases linearly
10What do infrared temperature sensors detect?
Infrared radiation emitted by objects
11What type of sensor is cheap and commonly used in electronics projects?
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
12What does the TSL235R light sensor output?
A frequency signal based on light intensity
13What feature does the LM393 light sensor have?
Adjustable sensitivity using a potentiometer
14What type of output does the BH1750 light sensor provide?
Digital output
15What does the GUVA-S12SD detect?
Ultraviolet radiation intensity
16What type of light does the ColorPAL detect?
Red, blue, green light and full color range
17RF stands for what?
Radio Frequency
18What is the RF frequency range?
20 kHz to 300 GHz
19As frequency increases, what happens to wavelength?
It gets shorter (inversely proportional)
20What RF band is used for submarine communication?
Extremely Low Frequency (ELF)
21What RF band is used for navigation and wireless heart rate sensors?
Very Low Frequency (VLF)
22What RF band is used for AM broadcasting?
Medium Frequency (MF)
23What RF band is used for FM broadcasting and TV broadcasting?
Very High Frequency (VHF)
24What RF band is used for WiFi, Bluetooth, GPS, and mobile phones?
Ultra High Frequency (UHF)
25What do transducers do?
Convert one form of energy to another
26What does a microphone convert?
Sound energy to electrical energy
27What does a speaker convert?
Electrical energy to sound energy
28What does a solar cell convert?
Light energy to electrical energy
29What is a sensor?
A device that detects a physical variable and converts it into a signal
30What type of sensor requires external power?
Passive sensor
31Give an example of a passive sensor
RTD or Strain Gauge
32What type of sensor produces voltage without external power?
Active sensor
33Give an example of an active sensor
Thermocouple or Piezoelectric sensor
34What device amplifies a sensor signal into 4–20 mA or 1–5 V?
Transmitter
35A sensor gives what type of output signal?
Continuous analog signal
36A switch gives what type of output?
ON/OFF only
37What does a photodiode do?
Converts light into electrical current
38What does a photoresistor (LDR) do when light increases?
Its resistance decreases
39What does a phototransistor do?
Uses light to control current
40What do CCD or CMOS sensors convert?
Light into a digital image
41What is the formula for pressure?
Force divided by area
42What are common pressure units?
Pascal, Bar, PSI
43What is the piezoelectric effect?
A material generates electrical charge when stressed
44What type of pressure sensor changes resistance?
Piezoresistive sensor
45What type of pressure sensor measures deformation?
Strain Gauge
46What type of pressure sensor changes capacitance?
Capacitive sensor
47Pressure measured against atmosphere is called what?
Gauge pressure
48Pressure measured against a perfect vacuum is called what?
Absolute pressure
49Pressure between two points is called what?
Differential pressure
50What does an accelerometer measure?
Acceleration or movement
51What does a gyroscope measure?
Rotation
52What does a magnetometer measure?
Magnetic field
53What does MEMS stand for?
Micro ElectroMechanical Systems
54What does a MEMS accelerometer detect?
Movement by changing capacitance
55What does a MEMS gyroscope measure?
Angular rotation
56What does PIR stand for?
Passive Infrared
57What does a PIR sensor detect?
Infrared radiation (body heat)
58What material does a PIR sensor use to generate voltage?
Pyroelectric elements
59What lens increases PIR detection range?
Fresnel lens
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