Patho Ch. 11

initiate adaptive immunity as antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

the collective, coordinated response of the cells and molecules of the immune system

the natural resistance with which a person is born

the second line of defense, responding less rapidly than innate immunity but more effectively due to a "memory" of pathogens and rapid response on subsequent encounters

•soluble proteins secreted by cells of both the innate and adaptive immunity that mediate the interaction between immune and tissue cells
•pleiotropic and redundant with broad activity

producing more than one effect

duplicating the effect of another cell

•proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes
•produced by macrophages and lymphocytes to enhance acquired immunity

•proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune response
•primarily protects against VIRAL infections

cytokine that is an endogenous pyrogen (fever producer)

cells that stimulate the migration of leukocytes to their primary site of action in the immune response

•cells that stimulate growth and differentiation of bone marrow progenitors of immune cells
•very specific and named according to the target cell upon which they act

cells that specifically recognize and respond to foreign antigens

•cells that function as antigen-presenting cells by the processing of complex antigens into epitopes required for the activation of lymphocytes
•macrophages and dendritic cells

epithelial barriers, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages

early responding white blood cells that are found predominately in the blood (not in the tissues)

white blood cells that typically ingest antigen-antibody complexes and viruses

white blood cells that are released by the bone marrow, migrate into tissues, and mature into macrophages and dendritic cells

•Essential for clearance of Bacteria
•efficient phagocytic cells that engulf and digest microbes that attach to their cell membrane
• limit the spread of infection until adaptive immunity occurs

cells that release chemical s that mediate inflammation and allergic responses

cells of the epidermis and mucous membranes that are the bridge between the innate and adaptive immune system by releasing cells that can direct the nature of the adaptive immune response

•sense and capture foreign agents
•transport to secondary lymphoid tissues

•cells that kill target organisms infected with intracellular (viral) or bacterial pathogenic organisms
•mediate spontaneous cytotoxicity against infected cells
•function WITHOUT previous exposure to surface antigens: assist in dendritic cell maturation and innate control of viral infection

help neutralize tumors that are virally caused

pathogen-associatd molecular patterns

proteins found in pathogens that are important in terms of protecting humgns so that other cells in our immune system don't kill us; help the innate immune system function the way it is supposed to by discerning self from non-self

•Coating proteins that promote phagocytosis
•IgG and C3b

•facilitate the migration of neutrophils from blood to infected tissues
•very short duration

•produced in response to inflammatory cytokines
•produced by hepatocytes in liver
•act as activators of the ALTERNATE COMPLIMENT PATHWAY

manose-binding ligand; c-reactive protein

A group of about 30 blood proteins that may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or directly lyse extracellular pathogens.

initiation; amplification of inflammation; membrane attack response

increase in bacterial aggregation (which renders them more susceptible to phagocytosis)

15%

alternate pathway

classical pathway

lectin pathway

C3

by acting as a chemoattractant for neutrophils

by attaching to the microbe and acting as an opsonin for phagocytosis and by acting as an enzyme to cleave C5 into 2 smaller parts

by producing vasodilation and increasing vascular permeability

by leading to the late-step membrane attack responses

by creating a pore that allows fluids and ions to enter the cell

microbial structures (sugars, lipid molecules, proteins) that are shared by microbes and are often necessary for their survival, but are not present on human cells

humoral and cell-mediated

humoral

cellular (cell-mediated)

after the innate immune response initiates the inflammatory process

substances foreign to the host that can stimulate an immune response when introduced to the body

b-cells

immune cells that assist in orchestrating and controlling the immune response

immune cells that accomplish the final stages of the immune reponse with elimination of the pathogen

activated t-lymphocytes, phagocytes

lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, MHCs, APCs

primary cells of adaptive immunity that differentiate into B and T cells

Primarily cells of innate immunity but play a key role in adaptive immunity by functioning as antigen presenting cells (APCs)

•molecules are host proteins present on APCs that display the antigen fragments on the cell surface
•present the processed antigen to CD4+ cells and CD8+ cells for activation of the adaptive immune response

cells that deliver stimulatory signals to T-lymphocytes due to their ability to express both major forms of MHCs

macrophages

macrophages and dendritic cells

CD8+ T-cells

CD4+ T-cells

•antigens the body recognizes as self or non-self
•present on all body cells except the red blood cells: type of MHC that is important in organ transplantation / rejection

memory cells or plasma cells

•B cells that are actively fighting against exogenous antigens and secreting antibodies
•secrete antibodies into the lymph and blood where they will do their work

•Produced during a B cell response, but are not involved in antibody producing during the initial infection
•stored for the rest of your life in case you encounter that pathogen again.

•Activates B and T cells
•Controls or limits specific immune response;
•Helps regulate ALL the cells in the immune system by secreting "messenger" cytokines

•subset of t-cells that control immune responses
•involved in non-self discrimination

•T cells, often called killer cells because of their capability to kill invading organisms
•destroy target cells by a variety of mechanisms including the release of cytolytic enzymes, toxic cytokines, and pore-forming molecules or by triggering membrane molecules and intracellular apoptosis

bone marrow and thymus

specialized bi-lobed immune organ located in the mediastinum above the heart

production of mature T-cells; storage of macrophages and dendritic cells

•small oval clumps of lymphatic tissue located at grouped intervals along lymphatic vessels
•responsible for removal of foreign material before it enters the bloodstream and is the site for proliferation and response of immune cells

lymph organ that filters antigen from the blood and is important in the response to systemic infections

tonsils, the appendix, and Peyer's patches

immunoglobulins

secreted proteins produced by B-cells that mature into plasma cells which recognize specific antigens and bind with receptors to activate cellular response

IgG, IgE,

•Most common antibody
•only Ig to cross the placenta
•activates complement and binds to macrophages

Ig prominent in body secretions that protects mucous membranes

•Ig prominent in early immune responses that activate complement
•earlies produced Ig in the fetus
•is agglutinating (stimulates clumping of organism for eventual lysis and elimination)

Ig needed for the maturation of B-cells

•binds to mast cells
•involved in allergic and hyspersensitivity reactions
•also responsible for combatting parasitic infections

1-2 weeks

specific protection induced after exposure to the offending substance and activation of B and T lymphocytes

specific protection induced through transfer of protective antibodies against and antigen

the last weeks of pregnancy

intrauterine infection; because IgG is the only one to cross the placenta

size in thymus gland; numbers of CD4+, CD8+ cells, and B cells

cytokines that generally induce cells to resist viral replication by shutting down protein synthesis.