Patho Ch. 9

a localized response to an injury or to the destruction of tissues intended to eliminate cause of cellular injury and generate new tissue

destruction, walling off, and neutralizing enzymatically

neutrophils

macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts

mast cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, elastin, collagen fibers, proeoglycan filaments

basophils, eosinophils, platelets, neutrophils, monocytes

macrophages

mast cells

vasodilation and increased permeability

redness and heat (rubor and calor)

swelling (tumor)

loss of function and stagnation of blood flow

transient

sustained

delayed hemodynamic response

marked by changes in the endothelium lining the vessels and movement of phagocytic WHITE cells into the area of injury or infection

granulocytes and monocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

polys or bands

margination

selectins and integrins

by changing shape, extending feet called pseudopods, and squeezing through the vessel wall

monocytes, neutrophils, and tissue macrophages

toxic oxygen and nitrogen products, lysosomes, proteases

tags bacteria so that phagocytes can eat them

recognition and adherence, engulfment, intracellular killing

neutrophils

basophils

lymphadenitis

changes in plasma proteins, skeletal muscle catabolism, changes in WBCs, fever, lymphadenitis

•the chemicals that the immune cells release to draw more blood and lymph to the area affected by the allergen
• causes dilation of arterioles and increased the permeability of venules

mast cells

cell membranes

•Type of arachidonic acid metabolite that causes VASODILATION and bronchoconstriction
•potentiates histamine; associated with anaphylaxis

histamines, arachidonic acid metabolites, platelet activation factor, plasma proteins, cytokines and chemokines, nitric oxide and oxygen derived free radicals

•type of arachidonic acid metabolite that causes vasoconstriction and bronchoconstriction
•promotes platelet function

•activates neutrophils and attracts eosinophils
•causes platelet activation

inflammatory mediators that promote blood clotting, activate the complement system, affect immunity/inflammation, vasoactive peptides

•A vasoactive peptide that is produced as a result of tissue damage and acts as an inflammatory mediator
•increases vascular permeability, dilation of blood vessels, and contraction of smooth muscle; short duration of action

nitric oxide and oxygen-derived free radicals

acute phase proteins, factor XII, complement proteins

fever, anorexia, hypotension, increased heart rate, corticosteroid and ACTH release

•exudate that is clear, watery, and low in protein content
•results from plasma entering the inflammatory site

•Exudate contains blood: indicates bleeding
•occurs with severe tissue injury that causes damage to blood vessels or when there is significant leakage of red cells from the capillaries

develop on mucous membrane surfaces and are composed of necrotic cells enmeshed in a fibropurulent exudate

Associated with acute inflammation. Contains pus, which is composed of dead WBCs, proteins, and tissue debris.

Thick, clotted exudate: indicates more advanced inflammation; (the scab)

vascular phase, cellular phase

tissues made up of cells with a specific function of an organ or body (e.g. hepatocytes, renal tubular cells)

consists of the supporting connective tissues, blood vessels, extracellular matrix, and nerve fibers

cells that multiply constantly throughout life

skin cells, oral cavity, vagina, cervix, GI tract lining, uterus, urinary tract, bone marrow

Cells that do not regularly undergo mitosis but are able to if the need arises

Cells that cannot undergo mitosis - generally replaced with scar tissue

liver and kidney parenchymal cell, vascular endothelial cells

nerve, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle

inflammatory, proliferative, remodeling or maturational

fibroblasts

to secrete the "stuff" that is needed to stimulate reconstruction of the wound (collagen, vascular growth factors for angiogenesis, epithelial cells)

about 3 weeks

scar formation

Stage of new capillary vessels development allowing for formation of a capillary sprout.

proteolytic degradation, migration, proliferation, maturation

Wound healing where edges are well-approximated; such as with sutures

Wound healing where edges can't be easily approximated and wound fills with granulation; wound is generally left open to heal

fibrous structural proteins, water-hydrated gels that permit resilience and lubrication; adhesive glycoproteins that connect the matrix elements to each other and to cells, basement membrane, interstitial matrix

part of the extracellular matrix that surrounds epithelial, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells

part of the extracellular matrix that is present in the spaces between cells and connective tissue and between the epithelium and supporting cells of blood vessels

malnutrition, impaired blood flow and oxygen delivery, impaired inflammatory and immune responses, foreign bodies, older age, wound separation, and infection