Patho Ch. 21

- all the blood cells and their precursors
- bone marrow
- lymphoid tissues where some blood cells circulate as they develop and mature

a specialized connective tissue with RBC, WBC, and platelets

7-8% total body weight

5-6 liters

55% plasma
45% erythrocytes
<1% luekocytes and placements

- carry the cells that transport gases
- aid in body defenses
- prevent blood loss

water 90-91%
proteins 6.5-8%
albumin
globulins
fibrinogens
other substances

54%

38%

7&

albumin
globulins
fibrinogen

contributes to plasma oncotic pressure and the maintenance of blood volume. serves as a carrier for certain substances

alpha
beta
gamma

transports bilirubin and steroids

transport iron and copper

constitute the antibodies of the immune system

converted to fibrin in the clotting process

plasma without fibrinogen

most numerous, small, biconcave, contain no organelles

contains important enzymes such as carbonic anhydrase that help maintain acid-base balance

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

constitute 50-60% of WBC. primarily responsible for maintaining normal host defenses against invading substances.

first cells to arrive at the site of infection or injury

in the myeloblasts found in bone marrow. once released from the marrow, they move to the blood for 1-2 days then into tissues for 4-8 days

1-3% of WBC. increase during allergic and parastic infections.

use surface markers to attach themselves to the parasite and then release hydrolytic enzymes

0.3-0.5% of total leukocytes. involved in allergic and hypersenstivity reactions

heparin
histamine

mast cells

not granulocytes
20-30% leukocytes

function in the lymph nodes or spleen to defend against microorganisms through the immune response

B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
natural killer cells

largest of the WBC
3-8% of total leukocyte count

only in circulation for about 1-3 days

can survive for months to years.

kuppfer
microglial
histiocytes

liver macrophages

brain macrophages

loose connective tissue macrophages

important in chronic inflammation

- activate lymphocytes
- present antigens to T cells

8-9 days

while they are derived from basophils, they do not form into mast cells until they leave the circulation and lodge into tissuess

formation of blood cells that originate from pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow

cytokines

lymphoid stem cells
myeloid stem cells

lymphocytes
NK cell
T cell
B cell

monocytes
granulocyte
erythrocytes

- increase peripheral stem cells for transplantation
- accelerate cell proliferation after bone marrow engraftment

EPO
GM-CSF
G-CSF
M-CSF
TPO

erythopoietin
stimulates RBC production

granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor

stimulates granulocytes, monocytes, RBCs, megakaryocytes

granulocyte colony stimulating factor

stimulates neutrophils

macrophage colony stimulating factor

stimulates macrophages

thrombopoietin

stimulates the differentiation of platelets

- bone marrow failure caused by chemotherapy or aplastic anemia
- anemia of kidney failure
- hematopoietic neoplasms
- infection like AID
- congenital and myeloproliferative disorders
- solid tumors

H/H
MCV
MCHC
MCH

mean corpuscular volume

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

mean cell hemoglobin

nonspecific screening test mostly used to follow chronic disease

sternum and anterior iliac crest

posterior iliac crest