Patho Ch. 23

biconcave, non-nucleated with no organelles, flexible, contains hemoglobin

hemoglobin

red bone marrow

membranous bones of vertebrae, sternum, ribs, and pelvis

A hormone produced and released by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow.

immature red blood cell

pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow

stem cell-erythroblast-normoblast-reticulocyte-RBC

Low tissue oxygen noticed by the kidney

transports O2 to tissues; binds CO2 for removal

What atom is found in the center of each hemoglobin molecule that binds oxygen?

How many atoms of oxygen can be carried by each hemoglobin molecule?

What is the hemoglobin molecule composed of?

What is the primary source of iron found in human diet?

Iron supplements must be given to newborns who are fed what diet?

Where in the GI tract is iron absorbed?

protein that transports iron in the blood

protein that stores iron found in the liver, spleen, and red bone marrow

an iron-containing compound of the porphyrin class that forms the nonprotein part of hemoglobin and some other biological molecules.

What is the approximate life span of a RBC?

What happens to the heme molecule after the RBC is broken down in the spleen?

What happens to the iron and amino acids of the RBC after it is broken down in the spleen?

What happens to the bilirubin in the liver in order to excrete it?

Free unconjugated bilirubin cannot pass through the urine due to the size. If the liver cannot conjugate the bilirubin what happens?

What group of people have a hereditary G6PD deficiency that results in anemia?

What is the most common cause of anemia in black males?

An enzyme that aids in the proper functioning of red blood cells; its deficiency, a genetic condition, leads to hemolytic anemia (lysis of RBCs)

This enzyme stimulates oxygen release from hemoglobin when blood pH is low (hypoxic/acidotic).

the combination of hemoglobin with nitrites instead of oxygen which causes hypoxia

What are the primary lab tests related to RBCs?

Lab test that measures the total number of red blood cells in 1 cubic millimeter of blood

provides an index of the rate of red cell production

What is the normal level for reticulocyte percentage?

What can an increased retic count indicate?

hematocrit

measures the average volume of the red blood cell; a good indicator of iron availability in most circumstances

What does the presence or absence of D antigen on a blood cell indicate?

In determining blood type, which antibodies will be found in the serum?

What is found in the cryoprecipitate infused in bleeding disorders?

What are the signs and symptoms of transfusion reactions?

an abnormally low number of circulating RBCs or level of hemoglobin, or both

What are the primary causes of anemia?

What does the MCV look like in chronic anemia?

What does the MCV look like in acute anemia?

What are some examples of inherited hemolytic anemias?

What are some causes of acquired hemolytic anemias?

a blood test to diagnose hemolytic anemias by detecting antibodies and complement on cell surfaces

characterized by an absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow; LIFE THREATENING

What drugs cause increased problems with anemia for patients who have G6PD deficiency?

occurs when red cells become less deformable, making it difficult for them to traverse the splenic sinusoids

occurs as a result of complement fixation in tranfusion reactions, mechical injury, or toxic factors

Autosomal recessive disorder in which red blood cells have abnormal hemoglobin molecules and take on an abnormal shape; causes hemolytic anemia, pain, and organ failure

inherited disorders of hemoglobin synthesis in which the cells are spherical and very small, Hgb is decreased and less functional

most common cause of anemia affecting people of all ages; results from dietary deficiency, chronic bleeding, increased demands

What does the ferritin saturation look like in chronic iron deficiency anemia?

What does the erythropoietin level look like in chronic iron deficiency anemia?

What leads to megaloblastic anemia (pernicious anemia)?

In what age group does pernicious anemia occur in due to it being secondary to atrophic gastritis?

What part of the GI tract is B12 absorbed in?

Where is vitamin B12 derived from?

Why are RBCs abnormally large with B12 deficiency?

What are the s/s of megaloblastic anemia r/t B12 deficiency?

Where is folic acid often found in the diet?

What drug blocks conversion of inactive folic acid to active folic acid?

What is the difference in symptoms between B12 megaloblastic anemia and folic acid megaloblastic anemia?

What are some causes of aplastic anemia?

condition in which the RBC mass is increased

Result of dehydration
Fluid loss results in relative increases of red cell counts and Hgb and Hct values

cancer of erythropoietic cell line in red bone marrow; causes increased RBC mass with elevated WBC and platelet counts

when less O2 is available (high altitude, COPD, etc.) or when EPO production increases

Which has a greater affinity for oxygen, HbF (fetal hemoglobin) or HbA?

What are some causes of hyperbilirubinemia, especially in newborns?

What is the treatment for hyperbilirubinemia in newborns?

Bilirubin encephalopathy, a form of brain damage resulting from unconjugated bilirubin entering the brain. Characterized by lethargy, poor feeding, vomiting, irregular respiration, perhaps death