Patho Ch. 12

What are the b-cell function and immunoglobulin or antibody productionar

an abnormality in one or more parts of the immune system that results in an increased susceptibility to disease states normally eradicated by the properly functioning immune response

Deficiency of the immune system that results from improper development of immune cells or tissues; usually congenital or inherited

Immunodeficiency in which b-cell function and immunglobulin or antibody production are involved

What risks are increased with humoral immunodeficiencies?

humoral immunodeficiency that is usually normal by 11 months. Low IgG, normal IgA, variable IgM:

Approximately what percent of primary immunodeficiencies are humoral?

Which immunoglobulins are affected with primary humoral immunodeficiency disorders?

a primary immunodeficiency, often but not always, characterized by cellular (T-cell) deficiency, characteristic looks, congenital heart disease, and hypocalcemia; caused by abnormal formation of certain tissues during fetal development; PARTIAL OR COMPLETE FAILURE OF THYMUS AND PARATHYROID DEVELOPMENT

What are secondary cell mediated immunodefiencies often associated with as a cause?

a combined SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) that is an autosomal recessive multisystem disorder with cerebellar neurodegeneration and ataxia: deficiency in t-cells, IgA, IgE, and IgG

a combined SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) that is an x-linked disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia, recurrent infections, and eczema; life expectancy 15 years; low levels of IgM and increased levels of IgA and IgE

Risk for which cancers increase with diagnosis of wiskott-aldrich syndrome?

What is the treatment for t-cell and b-cell immunodeficiencies?

primary disorder of the complement system that causes a loss of regulation in release of vasoactive substances that promote vascular permeability causing deep localized tissue swelling

immune system that is composed primarily of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear phagocytes

What are 2 examples of types of pathogens that are increased risk for with phagocytic immunodeficiency?

Why could the adaptive and innate immune systems be compromised if there is phagocytic immunodeficiencies?

excessive or inappropriate activation of the immune system

IgE mediated hypersensitivity disorder

antibody mediated hypersensitivity disorder

complement mediated hypersensitivity disorder

T-cell mediated hypersensitivity disorder

heredity predisposition and production of a local reaction to IgE antibodies produced in response to common environmental agents

What are the symptomatic presentations of Type 1 (IgE mediated) allergic reactions?

What are the ways to manage Type I (IgE mediated) allergic reactions?

What are the most common food allergies?

What occurs in the primary or initial phase response of Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions (IgE mediated)?

What does the severity of a Type I reaction depend on?

How many grades on the continuum of severity for Type I reactions are there?

grade of type 1 hypersensitivity reaction in which there is cutaneous and mucosal erythema and urticaria

grade of type 1 hypersensitivity reaction in which there is multisystem signs; hypotension, tachycardia, dyspnea, GI disturbance (n/v/d)

grade of type 1 hypersensitivity reaction in which there is bronchospasms and cardiac dysrhythmias

grade of type 1 hypersensitivity reaction in which there is cardiac arrest

the most severe for of type I hypersensitivity reaction in which there is widespread release of histamines

What are the treatments for anaphylaxis?

Which antibodies mediate type II (cytotoxic) hypersensitivity reactions?

What are some examples of type II (cytotoxic) hypersensitivity?

what mediates the type III immune complex disorders?

How do the results of the complement system in type III hypersensitivity reactions cause tissue damage?

What parts of the body do type III immune complex allergic disorders affect?

What is an example of systemic type III immune complex allergic disorders and how long does it take to manifest?

What is an example of localized type III immune complex allergic disorders and how long does it take to manifest?

What are the 2 basic types of type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

What is an example of direct cell-mediated cytotoxicity?

What are 2 examples of delayed-type hypersensitivity?

Which cell line is responsible for direct cell mediated Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

Which cell line is responsible for delayed-type Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

What types of hypersensivity reactions are involved in latex sensitivity?

What does MHC stand for?

set of molecules displayed on all cell surfaces that control the immune response through recognition of "self" and "non-self" by recognizing lymphocytes and antigens

What are the 3 categories of transplanted tissues?

type of tissue transplant in which the donor and recipient are related or unrelated but share similar HLA types

type of transplanted tissue in which the donor and recipient are identical twins

type of transplanted tissue in which the donor and recipient are the same person

Where can stem cells be pulled from for stem cell transplants?

the ability to differentiate between foreign antigens and self-antigens

The elimination of self-reactive T cells and B cells in the central lymphoid organs

Derives from the deletion or inactivation of autoreactive T cells or B cells that escaped elimination in the central lymphoid organs

transplant rejection that occurs almost immediately after transplantation; a type III arthus type reaction

transplant rejection that occurs within the first few months after transplantation with signs of organ failure; T-lymphocytes respond to antiges in the graft tissue

transplant rejection that occurs over a prolonged period and manifests with dense intimal fibrosis of blood vessels of the transplanted organ

An attack against a patient's body cells by the transplanted tissue or organ

What are the basic requirements necessary for graft versus host disease?

A heterogeneous group of disorders that occur when the body's immune system fails to differentiate "self" from "non-self" and mounts an immunologic response against host tissues

an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. It can affect the skin, joints, kidneys, brain, and other organs.

occurs when antibodies directed against the person's own red blood cells cause them to burst (lyze) leading to insufficient plasma concentration

a rare and serious condition that causes painful blisters to develop on the skin and lining of the mouth, nose, throat, and genitals. The blisters are fragile and can easily burst open leaving areas of raw unhealed skin that are very painful and can put you at risk for infections

an autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland is attacked by a variety of cell and antibody mediated immune processes, causing primary hypothyroidism. It was the first disease to be recognized as an autoimmune disease.

What are the trigger events for autoimmune disease?

What are the lab tests used to demonstrate antibodies against tissue antigens or cellular components?

What does ELISA stand for?

What does IFA stand for?

An enzyme encoded by some certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.

What category must a HIV+ patient be classified in to have an AIDS diagnosis?

What is the t-cell count in a HIV+ patient classified as category 1?

What is the t-cell count in a HIV+ patient classified as category 2?

What is the t-cell count in a HIV+ patient classified as category 3?

The clinical category for a HIV+ patient that is asymptomatic or has persistent generalized lymphadenopathy

The clinical category for a HIV+ patient that has symtpoms of immune deficiency but not serious enough to be AIDS defining

The clinical category for a HIV+ patient that has AIDS defining illnesses

What occurs during the primary infection phase of HIV?

What occurs during the asymptomatic or latency phse of HIV?

What are the characteristics of AIDS?

How quickly will HIV become AIDS in untreated typical progressors?

How quickly will HIV become AIDS in untreated rapid progressors?

How quickly will HIV become AIDS in untreated slow progressors?

What are the qualifications for considering an untreated HIV patient a long-term nonprogressor?

What are some examples of bacterial opportunistic infections found in AIDS patients?

What are some examples of fungal opportunistic infections found in AIDS patients?

What are some examples of protozoal opportunistic infections found in AIDS patients?

What are some examples of viral opportunistic infections found in AIDS patients?

What are some nervous system manifestations associated with AIDS?

What are some cancers and malignancies associated with AIDS?

Involuntary weight loss of at least 10% of baseline body weight, presence of diarrhea, more than two stools per day, chronic weakness, and fever

What are the lab testing methods for HIV infection?

screening test to detect anti-HIV antibodies in the bloodstream

What is the main problem with the ELISA test for HIV?

a blood test that produces more accurate results than the ELISA test that looks for antibodies to SPECIFIC viral antigens

uses a swab of the cheek to perform an EIA antibody test

A laboratory technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules, and nucleotides; detects HIV DNA - not antibodies to the virus; useful in testing infants born to infected mothers

Therapeutic interventions and frequency of follow-up for HIV are determined by the level of disease activity based on:_________________

Combination of drugs effective against AIDS; used in the treatment of HIV

HIV medication that acts by blocking the elongation of the DNA chain by stopping the addition of nucleosides by blocking REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE

HIV medication that binds to proteases and inhibit their function

HIV medication that prevents viruses from successfully fusing with the host cell

What are the recommendations for testing pregnant women for HIV?

What is the recommended antiretroviral therapy for women who are pregnant?

What HIV antiretroviral should *not* be given to pregnant patients in the *first trimester* due to neural tube defects?

When can HIV be passed from mother to infant?

How long does the maternal IgG antibody for HIV remain in the infant that prevents accurate testing of the infant?

How long may an infant be HIV+ by ELISA for due to maternal antibodies?

How does HIV present in children?

What disease is a major cause of mortality in HIV+ children that presents early in infants but late in adult infection?

Why do we wait until 4-6 weeks of age to treat infants prophylactically with Bactrim?