1Most common cause of total blindness in left eye
interruption of the vascular supply to the optic nerve
2Bitemporal Hemianopia is caused by
a lesion—most commonly a pituitary tumor— interrupting the optic chiasm
3Left homonymous hemianopia is caused by
lesions of the optic nerve radiation
on either side of the brain occurring after the optic chiasm
4Confrontation eye exam used to assess...
- Peripheral vision
- The examiner compares his or her own peripheral vision to that of the patient
5Eyes develop during...
the first 8 weeks of gestation
6Term infants are ____ with a visual acuity of...
hyperopic, with a visual acuity of less than 20/400
7 peripheral vision is fully developed at_____ and central vision....
birth, central vision matures later
8By 2 to 3 weeks of age many infants will show an interest in _______
large objects
9Binocular vision development is complete by...
3 to 4 months of age
10By 6 months, vision has developed sufficiently so that the infant can
- Differentiate colors.
11Young children become _____ hyperopic with growth
Less
12The globe of the eye grows as the child’s head and brain grow, and adult visual acuity is achieved at about...
4 years of age
13Strabismus
-Eyes can NOT focus simultaneously (Cross-eyed)
14Episcleritis
* Inflammation of the sclera
-Acute mild-mod. discomfort or photophobia
-Painless injection and/or watery discharge
15Cataracts
-*Lens Opacity
a halo may appear around lights
16Diabetic retinopathy
micro aneurysms
17Which screener do you use to assess Near vision
Rosenbaum or Jaeger
18What score is considered legally blind
20/200 or (6/60)
19Corneal Ulcer causes
•Viral infection (e.g., herpes*), bacterial infection
•Extreme dryness
•Prolonged use of contact lens*
•Grayish lens*
20Band Keratopathy
Deposition of Ca+ in superficial cornea
d/t *syphilis
•Grayish lens
22Glaucoma
Optic nerve damage
- cupping
*Inc. IOP
23Retinitis Pigmentosa
- Autosomal recessive d/o
-Caused by narrowing of the arterioles
-First sign is night blindness; Will have tunnel vision and bumping into furniture
24Intermediate Uveitis
Inflammation in the anterior vitreous, ciliary body, and the peripheral retina
25Chorioretinitis: Inflammatory process involving _______. Pt. will have hx of ______ ***
- both the choroid and the retina
• History of cleaning the litter box or laser surgery
26Lipemia Retinalis: __________ appearance of retinal vessels that occurs with
• Creamy white
- excessively high serum triglyceride levels
27Miosis: pupillary ______ usually less than ______ in diameter
-pupillary constriction; usually less than 2 mm in diameter
-d/t opioid abuse or miotic eye drops for glaucoma
28Mydriasis: pupillary ______ . greater than ______
-pupillary dilation; >6 mm
-mydriatic or cycloplegic drops (atropine)
-midbrain (reflex arc) lesions or hypoxia;
-oculomotor (cranial nerve [CN] III) damage;
-acute-angle glaucoma (slight dilation); diabetes
-Alcohol
-Uremia
29Pupil Abnormalities: Failure to Respond
retinal degeneration;
optic nerve (CN II) destruction;
-midbrain synapses involving afferent papillae fibers or oculomotor nerve (CN III) (consensual response is also lost)
-Mydriatics
30Pupil Abnormalities: Argyll Robertson pupil
-bilateral, miotic, irregularly shaped pupils that fail to constrict with light but retain constriction with convergence;
-commonly caused by neurosyphilis or lesions in midbrain
31 Anisocoria: _________ pupil size, more prominent _____; may be _______
- unequal size of pupils but reflexes are normal
- In the dark
- congenital finding in 20% of normal population
32Pupil Abnormalities: Adie/Tonic pupil
-Affected pupil dilated and reacts slowly or fails to react to light;
-often accompanied by diminished tendon reflexes (as with diabetic neuropathy or alcoholism)
33Presbyopia is progressive weakening of ________ ; the major physiologic change that occurs _____
- accommodation (focusing power)
- after the age of 45 years.
34The absence of a red reflex is determined by? and can indicate what?
- Determined by appearance of white pupils on a photograph
- Indicates retinoblastoma
35Visual acuity is measured as a fraction, in which the top number is the ______? and the bottom number....
- distance that the patient is standing from the chart
- the bottom number is the distance that an average person can stand and still read the line
36Ptosis is when
eyelid drooping
37Persons heavily exposed to ultraviolet light are more susceptible to the development of a
pterygium.
38When testing corneal sensitivity controlled by cranial nerve V, you should expect the patient to respond with
Brisk blinking is an expected response to corneal sensitivity testing, which involves gently touching the cornea with a piece of cotton.
39Testing for accommodation involves
asking the patient to look at an object at a distance (pupils dilate) and then to look at another, much closer object (pupils constrict).
40The test for extraocular muscle function is to have the patient
follow an object as you move it through planes of vision while observing for nystagmus.
41To see retinal details in a myopic patient, you will need to______? to assess hyperopic pt?
- turn your ophthalmoscope to a minus lens
- turn to plus lens
42The macula is the site of _______ and is opbserved when the patient.....
-central vision
-looks directly at the ophthalmoscope light.
43Opacities or dark spots of the red reflex may indicate the presence of
congenital cataracts in the newborn
44Papilledema is caused by
increased intracranial pressure along the optic nerve, pushing the vessels forward (cup protrudes forward) and dilating the retinal veins
45papilledema is characterized by
loss of definition of the optic disc.
46Drusen bodies, when they increase in number or intensity of color, may indicate a precursor state of
macular degeneration
When this happens, the patient’s central vision should be assessed using the Amsler gri
47Cotton wool spots are most closely associated with
- HTN
-infarcts of the retina (yellow spots) and are associated with hypertension or diabetes.
48Prominent epicanthal folds, or slanting of the eyes, may be normal in _____, but in other ethnic groups it may indicate _______
- Asian infants
- Down syndrome
49To differentiate between infants who have strabismus and those who have pseudostrabismus, use the....
The corneal light reflex by noting an asymmetric versus symmetric light reflex
50Which are the signs and symptoms of infant retinoblastoma
1. characteristic white reflex, also called cat’s eye reflex or leukocoria
2. Autosomal dominant trait
51Lacrimal drainage is complete at ______, and by 2 to 3 weeks of age the lacrimal gland
- the time of term birth
- begins producing a full volume of tears
52Drusen bodies are small discreet ______ on the ____
- yellow spots
-retina
*Presbyopia
*Presbycusis
53*prog weakening of accomodation after 45
*inner hearing loss