1P- wave
Atrial Depolarization : aka Atria contract
2PR interval
Atrioventricular conduction
3QRS complex
Ventricular depolarization
4ST segment and T wave
Ventricular repolarization
5U wave
Final phase of ventricular repolarization
6Best position to hear high pitch murmurs
Upright, slightly forward, &during exhalation using diaphragm
7Best position to hear low pitch murmurs
Lateral Recumbent using the bell
8S1 heart sound is heard when the _________ close & is best heard where? Have the pt _______ & hold
- The AV valves close (Tricuspid & Mitral)
- Have pt. exhale & hold
- Best @ apex & should coincide with rise of the carotid
9S2 heart sound is heard when the _______ close & is heard best where? Have the pt. _____ & hold
- The semilunar valves close (Aortic & Pulmonic) marking the end of systole
- Aortic and pulmonic area
- Have pt. inhale and hold breath
10Why is a previous unexplained fever in a pt. PMH important?
may be related to acute rheumatic fever, with potential heart valve damage.
11Common symptoms of cardiovascular disorders in older adults include
confusion, dizziness, blackouts, syncope, palpitations, coughs and wheezes, hemoptysis, shortness of breath, chest pains or tightness, impotence, fatigue, and leg edema
12If the apical impulse is more vigorous than expected, it is referred to as a
lift or heave
13What is the diff. in a thrill and a bruit?
- Thrill is a palpable murmur
- Bruit is an auscultated arterial murmur
14An apical PMI palpated beyond the fifth intercostal space may indicate
left ventricular hypertrophy.
15A lift along the left sternal border is most likely the result of
right ventricular hypertrophy.
16To estimate heart size by percussion, you should begin tapping at the
anterior axillary line.
17 S2 is ______ pitched and ______ than S1. S2 typically splits during _______
- Higher
- Shorter
- Inspiration
18Chest pain with an organic cause in a child is most likely the result of ______ Other causes include
- asthma
- others related to trauma, exercise-induced asthma, or cocaine use.
19A condition that is likely to present with dizziness and syncope is..... It may also cause.....
- sick sinus syndrome
- dysrhythmia with subsequent syncope, transient dizzy spells, light-headedness, seizures, palpitations, angina, or congestive heart failure (CHF)
20Endocarditis is a bacterial infection of the endothelial layer of the heart. It should be suspected with
- at-risk patients (e.g., IV drug abusers) who present with prolonged fever, signs of neurologic dysfunction, and sudden onset of CHF, and Janeway lesions
21Janeway lesion characteristics that are seen w/ bacterial endocarditis
nontender erythematic lesions to the palms
22Pericarditis causes
- Causes: viral infection, kidney failure, or medications such as procainamide
23Pericarditis s/s
- s/s: pain relieved by sitting up or leaning forward. A friction rub is heard at the left of the sternum, at the third or fourth intercostal space
24In most adults, the apical impulse should be visible at about the
midclavicular line in the fifth left intercostal space
25Cardiac thrills generally indicate a disruption of the expected blood flow related to
- some defect in the closure of one of the semilunar valves (generally aortic or pulmonic stenosis)
- pulmonary hypertension
- atrial septal defect
26________ is the best position to hear the low-pitched filling sounds in diastole with the bell of the stethoscope
-Left lateral recumbent
27Sick sinus syndrome (SSS) is a sinoatrial dysfunction that occurs secondary to
hypertension, arteriosclerotic heart disease, or rheumatic heart disease
28________ is an initial symptom in acute pericarditis, along with __________
- Chest pain
- Triphasic friction rub
29The most helpful clinical examination finding supportive of left-sided heart failure is
Jugular vein distention