Ch. 10

lymphatic vessels except for the brain and placenta

- Conserving fluid and plasma that leak from capillaries
- Defend the body against disease
- Absorbing lipids from the intestinal track

- enlarged node
- inflamed and enlarged lymph nodes

- inflammation of the lymphatic vessels that drain an area of infection
- tender erythematous streaks extend proximally from the infected area (or follows course of collecting duct)
- regional nodes may also be tender

edematous swelling due to excess accumulation of lymph fluid in tissues caused by inadequate lymph drainage
- Does NOT pit

congenital malformation of dilated lymphatics

small nontender nodes that feel like BBs or the tip of an eraser under the skin

wavelike motion that is felt when the node is palpated

group of nodes that feel connected and seem to move as a unit

- Immature ability to produce antibodies at birth
- Enlargement of tonsils prior to puberty is not necessarily an indication of infection

• Palpable inguinal, occipital, and postauricular nodes are common prior to 2 years old
• Palpable cervical and submandibular nodes are uncommon in the first year
• Presence of palpable supraclavicular nodes are not a normal finding

• Changes in immune system during pregnancy not fully understood
• Embryo is a "foreign body" but is protected
• Increased susceptibility to certain infectious diseases (flu)
• Possible remission of autoimmune/inflammatory disorders

Nodes can diminish with advancing age and become fibrotic- reducing their ability to resist infection

higher suspicion for malignancy

Left = thoracic or abdominal malignancy

suggests malignancy

- Most commonly, painless enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes, often in the posterior triangle, that is generally asymmetric and progressive
- Most prevalent in adolescents and young adults
- Males 2x more likely than females.

- cell-mediated immunity reactions and the controlling agent for the humoral immune responses generated by B lymphocytes
- Recognition

- dev. of the protective immune function
- located in the superior mediastinum
- site of t cell prod.
- largest & most active in neonatal & preadolescent periods
-atrophies after puberty
- older adult: replaced by fat & conn. tissue

- Largest
- LUQ

LYMPH FLUID, THE COLLECTING DUCTS AND VARIOUS TISSES INCLUDING THE LYMPH NODES, SPLEEN, THYMUS, TONSIL, ADENOIDS AND PEYER PATCHS IN THE SMALL INTESTINES.

Mucosa of appendix and small intestine
Lungs
Bone Marrow

PROVIDING AT LEAST ONE PATHWAY FOR THE SPREAD OF MALIGNANCY

1. A CAPSULE COMPOSED OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND A FEW ELASTIC FIBRILS
2.vSUBCUTANEOUS COMMECTIVE TISSUES AND DEEPER NODES LIE BENEATH THE FASCIA OF MUSCLES
Lymph nodes defend against the invasion of microorganisms by_______

1. Phagocytosis and Filtration
2. Maturation of lymphocytes (esp. WBC) and monocytes

ASSESSING THE HEALTH OF THE ENTIRE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

- jugular veins and along the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the trapezius
- you also have supraclavicular & subclavicular nodes (usually malignant with bilateral enlarged nodes)

stand behind the patient

- enlarged, or multiple enlarged
- NOT painful
- Hard, discrete
- CAN'T move them very well

mounting capillary pressure, greater permeability of the capillary walls, or increased metabolic rate

- either side of the pharynx
- posterior wall of the pharynx and superior to the soft palate
- may obstruct the nasopharyngeal passageway.

- Supraclavicular: even in kids

Hodgkin disease.

supraclavicular nodes

Pulsations and auscultation of bruits indicate a blood vessel and not a lymph node

Flexion of the extremity

a chronically enlarged, nontender, single node—usually in the posterior cervical chain

pharyngitis, fever, fatigue, malaise, often splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly and/or rash.

- head, neck, and axillae
- Although epitrochlear enlargement occurs most exclusively in cat scratch fever, its occurrence is less common

- Urticaria
- followed by lymphadenopathy, joint pain, fever, and facial edema.

Graves disease, lymphangioma, and parotid swelling