1How do antibiotic resistant bacteria show evolution in action?
The weak bacteria get killed by the antibiotics very effectively, but a few gain immunity. Since bacteria multiply so fast, we can see the evolution of a bacterial strain unfold in weeks, months, or years.
2The weak bacteria get killed by the antibiotics very effectively, but a few gain immunity. Since bacteria multiply so fast, we can see the evolution of a bacterial strain unfold in weeks, months, or years.
How do antibiotic resistant bacteria show evolution in action?
3Who observed DNA and chromosomes for the first time?
Frederick Miescher isolated DNA from cells
Walther Flemming observed "thread like strings" (chromosomes) during cell division
4Frederick Miescher isolated DNA from cells
Walther Flemming observed "thread like strings" (chromosomes) during cell division
Who observed DNA and chromosomes for the first time?
5Haploid
an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes (gamete)
6an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes (gamete)
Haploid
7Diploid
an organism or cell having two complete sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number (fertilized egg)
8an organism or cell having two complete sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number (fertilized egg)
Diploid
9homologous chromosomes
Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure
10Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure
homologous chromosomes
11Allele
one of a number of different forms of a gene
12one of a number of different forms of a gene
Allele
13Who calculated the age of the Earth?
James Ussher, October 26th 4000 BCE at 9 am
14James Ussher, October 26th 4000 BCE at 9 am
Who calculated the age of the Earth?
15Catastrophism
Georges Cuvier: Fixity in species, geological features caused by events, extinction explains disappearance in fossil record
16Georges Cuvier: Fixity in species, geological features caused by events, extinction explains disappearance in fossil record
Catastrophism
17Gradualism
James Hutton: geological features caused by gradual mechanisms (erosion, glaciers, etc)
Charles Lyell: same geological processes are still happening
18James Hutton: geological features caused by gradual mechanisms (erosion, glaciers, etc)
Charles Lyell: same geological processes are still happening
Gradualism
19What does natural selection depend on?
variation among individuals in a population, variation must be genetic, sources of genetic diversity are mutations and sexual reproduction
20Divergent Evolution
two species evolve in different directions from a common ancestor. Homologous structures, i.e. horse legs and human arms (all mammals have the same arm bone structure)
21two species evolve in different directions from a common ancestor. Homologous structures, i.e. horse legs and human arms (all mammals have the same arm bone structure)
Divergent Evolution
22Convergent Evolution
similar structures arise independently in unrelated species. Analogous structures i.e. bird wings and insect wings
23similar structures arise independently in unrelated species. Analogous structures i.e. bird wings and insect wings
Convergent Evolution
24Artificial Selection
selective breeding of plants and animals to increase desired characteristics
25selective breeding of plants and animals to increase desired characteristics
Artificial Selection
26How do antibiotic resistant bacteria show evolution in action?
The weak bacteria get killed by the antibiotics very effectively, but a few gain immunity. Since bacteria multiply so fast, we can see the evolution of a bacterial strain unfold in weeks, months, or years.
27The weak bacteria get killed by the antibiotics very effectively, but a few gain immunity. Since bacteria multiply so fast, we can see the evolution of a bacterial strain unfold in weeks, months, or years.
How do antibiotic resistant bacteria show evolution in action?
28Vestigial Structures
A structure that is present in an organism that was once useful to an ancestor, but is not longer useful--appendix, tailbone
29A structure that is present in an organism that was once useful to an ancestor, but is not longer useful--appendix, tailbone
Vestigial Structures
30Cell Theory
idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells
31idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells
Cell Theory
32Mendel's 3 Laws of Hereditary
Law of Dominance: traits can be dominant or recessive
Law of Segregation: alleles separate during gamete formation and join during fertilization
Independent Assortment: the allele a gamete receives for one gene does not influence the allele received for another gene
33Law of Dominance: traits can be dominant or recessive
Law of Segregation: alleles separate during gamete formation and join during fertilization
Independent Assortment: the allele a gamete receives for one gene does not influence the allele received for another gene
Mendel's 3 Laws of Hereditary
34Who proposed the "chromosome theory of heredity", and how did it relate to Mendel's
work?
Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri
Chromosomes behave like Mendel's "factors"
35Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri
Chromosomes behave like Mendel's "factors"
Who proposed the "chromosome theory of heredity", and how did it relate to Mendel's
work?
36Ploidy
number of sets of chromosomes in a cell
37Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure
homologous chromosomes
38homologous chromosomes
Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure
39number of sets of chromosomes in a cell
Ploidy
40Gene
A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
41A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
Gene
42Who observed DNA and chromosomes for the first time?
Frederick Miescher isolated DNA from cells
Walther Flemming observed "thread like strings" (chromosomes) during cell division
43Frederick Miescher isolated DNA from cells
Walther Flemming observed "thread like strings" (chromosomes) during cell division
Who observed DNA and chromosomes for the first time?
44Homozygous
An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
45An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
Homozygous
46Heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
47An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
Heterozygous
48hemizygous
A gene present on the X chromosome that is expressed in males in both the recessive and dominant condition
49
A gene present on the X chromosome that is expressed in males in both the recessive and dominant condition
hemizygous
50dominant
a trait expressed in homozygous and heterozygous
51
a trait expressed in homozygous and heterozygous
dominant
52recessive
a trait expressed only in homozygous
53
a trait expressed only in homozygous
recessive
54Genotype vs. Phenotype
-Genotype : Collection of alleles
-Phenotype : Physical expression of alleles
55
-Genotype : Collection of alleles
-Phenotype : Physical expression of alleles
Genotype vs. Phenotype
56Incomplete Dominance
An organism inherits and expresses both recessive and dominant traits: a pink flower inherited both red and white colors
57
An organism inherits and expresses both recessive and dominant traits: a pink flower inherited both red and white colors
Incomplete Dominance
58Codominance
Two dominant traits can be expressed: AB blood type; both the dominant A and dominant B types are expressed
59Two dominant traits can be expressed: AB blood type; both the dominant A and dominant B types are expressed
Codominance
60Multiple Alleles
A trait is phenotypically expressed in an organism that was not phenotypically expressed in either parent: Parent 1 has type A blood, Parent 2 has type B, and offspring has type O
61
A trait is phenotypically expressed in an organism that was not phenotypically expressed in either parent: Parent 1 has type A blood, Parent 2 has type B, and offspring has type O
Multiple Alleles
62Gene linkage
Certain genes are only on linked to either X or Y, X recessive is the most common
63
Certain genes are only on linked to either X or Y, X recessive is the most common
Gene linkage
64Epistasis
One gene masks another gene, like black labs
65
One gene masks another gene, like black labs
Epistasis
66Know the blood groups in humans (alleles, genotypes and phenotypes)
Type A: i^A i^A or i^A i^i
Type B: i^B i^B or i^B i^i
Type AB: i^A i^B
Type O: i^i i^i
67
Type A: i^A i^A or i^A i^i
Type B: i^B i^B or i^B i^i
Type AB: i^A i^B
Type O: i^i i^i
Know the blood groups in humans (alleles, genotypes and phenotypes)
68What is polygenic inheritance?
When other factors besides genotype influences phenotype: Height, there is no short and tall, there is a spectrum. Diet and environment of the parent pre-birth and offspring influence the height of the offspring
69
When other factors besides genotype influences phenotype: Height, there is no short and tall, there is a spectrum. Diet and environment of the parent pre-birth and offspring influence the height of the offspring
What is polygenic inheritance?
70Microevolution
Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations.
71
Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations.
Microevolution
72Macroevolution
large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time
73
large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time
Macroevolution
74gene pool
Combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population
75
Combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population
gene pool
76allele frequency
how often an allele appears in a population
77how often an allele appears in a population
allele frequency
78genotype frequency
how often a genotype (set of alleles) appears in a population
79how often a genotype (set of alleles) appears in a population
genotype frequency
80Heterozygote advantage
Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools. (Sickle cell recessive prevents malaria)
81Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools. (Sickle cell recessive prevents malaria)
Heterozygote advantage
82Why is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium not seen in natural, wild populations?
H-W requires perfect conditions, which can never occur in a natural population due to 5 factors
83
H-W requires perfect conditions, which can never occur in a natural population due to 5 factors
Why is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium not seen in natural, wild populations?
84Factors that lead to changes in allele frequency in populations
Mutations, genetic drift: founder effect and bottleneck, gene flow: immigration and emigration, natural selection, sexual selection (non-random mating, more attractive mate more)
85Mutations, genetic drift: founder effect and bottleneck, gene flow: immigration and emigration, natural selection, sexual selection (non-random mating, more attractive mate more)
Factors that lead to changes in allele frequency in populations
86Stabilizing selection
In a bell curve, the very middle is selected for: baby weight
87In a bell curve, the very middle is selected for: baby weight
Stabilizing selection
88Directional selection
In a bell curve, one end of the spectrum is selected for: One color of moth is more fit for a particular environment, while the other is very unfit
89In a bell curve, one end of the spectrum is selected for: One color of moth is more fit for a particular environment, while the other is very unfit
Directional selection
90Disruptive selection
Both extremes are selected for, while the middle is most unfit: Finches with very small and very large beaks are fit for the Galapagos Islands, while finches with a medium size beak are unable to access either food source.
91Both extremes are selected for, while the middle is most unfit: Finches with very small and very large beaks are fit for the Galapagos Islands, while finches with a medium size beak are unable to access either food source.
Disruptive selection