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History of Psych Lecture Notes

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1
Philip Melanchthon
First person to term the word "psychology".
2
Aristotle
"Originator of Psychology"
3
Wilhelm Wundt
  • A student of von Helmholtz.
  • "The father of experimental psychology"
  • Established the first scientific psychology lab in 1879 at the University of Leipzig.
4
Clinical Psychology
Study of clinician and therapeutical psychology.
5
Experimental Psychology
Study of cognition, using independent and dependent variables.
6
Physiological Psychology
Study of biological behavior and how it relates to Psychology.
7
Goals of Psychology
  • To change or control.
  • To describe.
  • To predict.
  • To explain.
8
Personalistic Dichotomy
Focuses on monumental achievements and contributions of certain individuals.
9
Naturalistic Dichotomy
Values of society allow for individual accomplishmnents to be recognized.
10
Evolutionary Dichotomy
Gradual change where the fittest theories survive.
11
Revolution
A sudden change of a view in science.
12
Free Will
Explains complex behaviors.
13
Determinism
Explains simpler behaviors.
14
Thales
  • Emphasized natural explanations and minimized supernatural ones.
  • General belief was that magic and supernatural forces controlled natural occurences of the Earth.
  • Searched for a physis, and determined it was water.
15
Cosmology
The universe consists of natural substances and are governed by natural principles.
16
Physis
One primary element that everything is made of.
17
Pythagoras
  • Defined sychophysical dualism.
  • Identified human volition as a cause for behavior rather than gods.
18
Psychophysical Dualism
The idea of a separate mind (or soul) and body.
19
Plato
  • Rejected science and claimed true knowledge can only be obtained by divine inspiration.
  • Opened the Academy of Greece.
  • Believed only the 1/5 upper class of Greece should be allowed to study philosophy.
  • Elaborated on doctrines of psychophysical dualism beliefs.
20
Three parts of the soul as defined by Plato.
  • Appetitive soul. Or sensual desires. Is mortal and is located in the belly.
  • Affective soul. Defined by courage. Is mortal and is located in the chest.
  • Rational or thinking soul. A soul located in the head, is immortal, and exists after death.
21
Teleology
The idea that the entire universe is created by a superior being in a rational manner.
22
Capital Crimes of Ancient Greece
  • Criticism of the government.
  • Teaching new ideas to the young.
  • Free thought.
  • Attempts to introduce new religious practices or opinions.
23
Aristotle
  • Plato's student and his first opposition as he used biological and physiological explanations for behavior.
  • Assigned as the "originator of psychology".
24
St. Augustine
  • Was a whore.
  • Focused on human spirituality and minimized human reasoning.
  • Given credit for making Christianity a powerful religion.
25
The beginning of the Dark Ages
  • The fall of the Roman Empire.
  • Emporor Justinian's closure of the Academy.
  • St. Augustine's death.
26
Defining characteristics of the Dark Ages.
  • Greek and Roman teachings were lost.
  • Little progress was made in science, philosophy, and literature.
  • The Christian church became very powerful.
27
Avicenna
  • Integrated Artistotle and Plato's teachings with Islamic thought.
  • Most influential philosopher and physician in Islam.
  • His book "Canon of Medicine" was used in European universities for 500 years.
28
Avicenna's contributions to psychology.
  • Named universal death anxiety.
  • Mental illness originates in the head.
  • Delusional cow patient, dealing with the mind-body problem.
29
Alhazin
  • Wrote "Book of Optics".
  • "The father of modern optics."
30
Martin Luther
  • Translated the bible so all could read it, leading to the Protestant Reformation.
  • Most famous for posting his 95 theses on the door of Wittenburg castle church in protest.
31
Nicolaus Copernicus
Proposed the heliocentric theory.
32
Galileo Galilei
Supported the heliocentric theory and was inprisoned for teaching it.
33
Rene Descartes
His biggest contribution was Dualism.
34
Dualism
The idea of the mind and body being separate and interacted in the brain.
35
Thomas Hobbes
  • Started materialism.
  • Believed the soul controls the body.
36
Materialism
You can only study what you can observe.
37
John Locke
Named "tabula rasa" (blank slate).
38
Auguste Comte
Started positivism.
39
Postivism
Every rationally justifiable assertion can be scientifically verified or is capable of logical or mathematical proof.
40
Giuseppe Sergi
  • Wrote "Principles of Psychology".
  • Established the first psychology lab in Italy at the Institute of Anthropolgy in Rome.
41
Maria Montessori
  • First female medical doctor.
  • Opened the first montessori school to educate "normal" and "mentally challenged" children.
42
Ivan Sechenov
  • Believed all human behavior was the result of reflexes.
  • "Father of physiology and scientific psychology"
  • Believed in environmentalism, that nature is over nurture.
43
Ivan Pavlov
Created classical conditioning.
44
Ho Kamada
The first Japanese psychologist.
45
Yujiro Motora
First psychological experimental scientist.
46
Yuanpei Chi
Chinese man who studied at University of Leipzig.
47
Alcmaeon
  • Composed the first theory of sleep. That the nerves empty out of the head.
  • Described nerves as canals carrying liquid from sense organs to the brain.
  • First to conclude that the brain causes and controls thought.
  • First physiologist. Used empirical approach in anatomy.
48
Empedocles
  • Identified basic elements to explain sensations.
  • First to assign the five senses.
49
Anaxagoras
First to explain food digestion.
50
Hippocrates
  • First to classify emotional disorders as diseases of the brain.
  • "The father of medicine"
  • Influenced Freud's psychoanalytic theory.
51
Herophilus and Erasistratus
  • Conducted human and animal dissections and vivisections.
  • Found that the brain is the center of the nervous system and the seat of intelligence.
52
Galen / Claudius Galenus
  • Noticed a relationship between head injuries and psychological problems.
  • Introduce talk therapy.
  • Supported the four-humor theory
  • Credited with the idea that the brain was the origin of thoughts and behavior and is connected to the rest of the body.
53
Alexandria's Library might have been destroyed by...
  • Caliph Omar
  • Theophilus
  • Julius Caesar
54
Vladimir Behkterev
  • Established objective psychology.
  • Discovered the role of hippocampus in memory.
  • Known for investigation of brain's control and motor functions through studying reflexes.
  • Diagnosed Stalin with paranoia.
55
Franz Joseph Gall
Developed phrenology.
56
Johannes Miller
  • Made contributions to understanding perception.
  • Made the Law of Specific Energies.
57
Law of Specific Energies
Perceptions are not caused by the stimulus itself, but instead by a neural pathway that is stimulated.
58
Pierre Flourens
Tested localization with extirpation.
59
Extirpation
Destroying parts of an alive brain to study behaviors.
60
Paul Broca
Discovered the Broca's Area.
61
Carl Wernicke
  • Thought the cerebral cortex was functionally insignificant.
  • Discovered Wernicke's Area.
62
Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig
Used current from a battery to stimulate areas of the cortex in a live dog to determine motor movement.
63
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
  • "Father of neuroscience"
  • Made major contributions to understanding structures of the nervous system.
64
Ernest Weber
Main contribution was scientific techniques of the Two-Point Threshold and the JND.
65
Gustav Fechner
  • Published first official work in experimental psychology, "Elemente der Psychophysik".
  • Established psychophysics, measuring and quantifying perceptions.
66
Weber-Fechner Law
Describes the JND is a constant percentage.
67
Hermann von Helmholtz
  • A student of Weber.
  • Measured the rate of nerve conduction.
68
Charles Darwin
Wrote "The Origin of Species".
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