chapter 18/19

it is what oxidatively decarboxylates pyruvate to form acrylic CoA and this irreversible link between glycolysis and the critic acid cycle

decarboxylation, oxidation, and formation of product

prosthetic group can be either a metal or small organic molecule that is tightly bound to the structure by some bind whereas coenzyme is a small organic molecule bound to the enzyme

catalyzes the condensation of acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate to form citrate

citrate synthases, aconitase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase stage 2 is the regernation of oxaloacetate

the citric acid cycle is the first stage it removes of high energy electrons from carbon fuels (in the matrix) oxidative phosphorylation is the second stage and the electrons from the first stage reduce O2 to gernerate a proton gradient pathway which is used to make ATP

Neither of the 2 carbons released as CO2 are from
acetyl CoA in the first round
• After one round, some of the CO2 released will be
from last acetyl CoA carbons
• Because succinate is a symmetric molecule, the
identity of the carbon atoms from the acetyl unit is
lost, i.e. if the initial CoA was labeled, then the
label could be in any of the 4 carbons of fumarate
(next step

citrate can be fatty acid and sterols, alpha keto can be glutamate and then aa, succinylcholine can be heme and chlorophyll, malate can be pyruvate, oxaloacetate can be aspartate and then aa

one complete turn of the CAC generates 3 NADH( which makes 2.5 ATP) and 1 FADH (which makes 1.5 ATP) and 1 ATP

controlled at irreversible reactions (1,3,4) enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase controls entry of glucose-derived acetyl CoA into the cycle feedback inhibition from succinylcholine, ATP, NADH to first step (citrate synthase)

anapleurotic reactions a prominent reaction is catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase which forms more oxaloacetate