Chapter 2

normal breathing
about 500 ml at rest

amout of air that can be forcefully exhaled following a maximum inspiration
VC= ERV+TV+IRV

maximum amount of air that can be inhaled following a normal expiration
TV+IRV

amout of air remaining in the lungs following a normal expiration
RV+ERV

the remaining volume in the lungs after max exhale
1,300 ml

amout of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort

amout of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with maxium effort

maximum amount air in the lungs at the end of a maximum inspiration
RV+VC

volume of air you can get out in ONe sec

it tells us the issues that are occuring in the lungs

FVC=5.0
FEV1=4.5
ratio is about 80% range of 85 to 75

have trouble getting air out
ratio is lower than normal range
FVC and FEV1 both lowered

have trouble getting air in
ratio is higher than normal range
FVC and FEV1 both lowered

C1XV1=C2X(V1+V2)
gotten from doing a helium dilution technique

bascially double boyle's law
put hands on the cheeks to keep volume constant if you allow for your face to expand mess with the volume

just moving air in and out no gas exchange
nose/mouth to lungs

normal breathing
about 500 ml at rest

BLOOD TO CELL

cells to aerobic metabolism to make energy

the volume of air leaving the lungs each min
average is 7500
find it by Frequency times tidal volume
Vd+Va

the amout of fresh air reaching the alveoli
Ve-Vd
all gas exchange happens here
5250 ml

pressure gradient
from inspired air to the tissue fluid pressure goes from high to low
alveolar and capilliary will be about equal after the half way point

first air out

place where NO gas exhange occurs in the conducting zone
normal range is 150ml

VCo2=Va X FCO2
why use Co2 because only in gas exchange could we get CO2 so if no gas exchange in dead then has to come from here
Va= Vco2/PaCO2 time K

Pco2
Pco2 high this is low and vice versa
Hypo v Hyper

fowler's method
give then 100% O2 for 1 breath and then when you see N2 mix in there you know we are seeing air from the alveoli
youll see a graph have one point at start of increase and another at huge jump half way of that is the anatomic dead space

volume of air not participating in gas exchange
could be conducting zone or alveoli not receiving blood flow

the greater the phyis dead space the greater the Ve required to maintain an adequate amount of airflow to the alveoli

(Vd/Vt)= (Paco2-PeCo2/PaCo2)
E is for expired
normal is about 30
if 100 then all dead space
if 0 then no dead space
you have less dead space then you will expire less CO2 which drops PeCo2

detecting upper airway obstruction flatten curve because maximal flow is limited
blocking ability to get air in and out

are COMPRESSED by the weight of the tissue
can expand a lot and compress alot
more gravitational forces

are forced to inflate by the weight of lung tissue below
stays pretty much the same here don't expand/compress a lot
less gravitational forces

above the x-axis
after the curve will be the RV
the length of the curve is the VC
and all of it put together is TC

will have a weird curve
higher lung volume and RV
loop of the exhale will be lower
way to keep air way open is to increase lung volume to make sure lungs doesn't collaspe
full inhale

loop of exhale will be lower
look like control but smaller
lower RV
just less air to blow out
smaller inhale

below the x-axis

should be a linear line
something you can never exceed the bounds of
due to the 100 percent compressing of the airway

air way open

air way even more open
expanding
expand thoratic cage a lot can pull open the lungs and drops pressure allowing air in

once you get to the point in the lung when pressure inside id lower then pressure outside and the airway will collaspe/ servely collaspe restricting air from getting out
decrease space increasing pressure so air come out

moves down (distally) to the smaller and smaller airways
this is that line

because you get to a point where no more air can get out becuase pressure gradient wont allow it

a high lung volume you see rapid collaspe and quicker movement down the lung why we see high RV

limits flow rate during a forced expiration
cause flow to be independent of effort
may limit flow during normal expiration in some patients with COPD
is a major factor limiting exercise in COPD

depending max flow
max flow is measure after 50 or 75% of FVC

detecting upper airway obstruction flatten curve because maximal flow is limited
blocking ability to get air in and out