psy exam #3

A model of health that views disease as resulting from a specific, identifiable cause such as a pathogen, a genetic, or developmental abnormality (U.S.)

Our bodies are made up of elements of yin ang yang. Balance between these two forces results in good health. Imbalance means poor health (can be caused by relationship changes, poor diet, demons, eating too many foods from one of the elements, a change in social relationships, weather, season, or even supernatural forces) (China)

Disease comes from displeasing the holy people of the past or the present, disturbing animal and plant life, misuse of sacred religious ceremonies, strong and uncontrolled emotions, and breaking social rules and taboos (Native Americans)

The body is comprised of blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile. Too much or too little of these throws the body out of balance resulting in disease (Western Europe/NA)

A person who is in a hot condition if given cold foods to counteract the situation, and vice versa

Disease results from biological, psychological, and social factors

An infectious agent such as a virus or bacteria

It may develop in individuals with a genetic and biological predisposition to the disorder (diathesis) following exposure to environmental stressors

Average number of years a person is epexted to live from birth

The number of indant deaths (one year of age or younger) per 1,000 live births

Deaths of mothers per 100,000 live births

A person’s feelings of happiness and life satisfaction

Highest: 90 in Monaco, Lowest: 45 in Afghanistan, A large part of explaining such drastic life expectancy differences it eh general resources of a country. More wealth = better diet, nutrition, health care, and advanced technology

Highest: 152/1000 in Afghanistan, Lowest: 2/1000 in Monaco, A large part of explaining such drastic life expectancy differences it eh general resources of a country. More wealth = better diet, nutrition, health care, and advanced technology

23.8 in the U.S. compared to 1.7 in New Zealand, this is because there is less affordable health care in the United States compared to other countries

Highest in Denmark and Switzerland, and lowest is Zimbabwe and Burundi, This is predicted by money, social support, healthcare, genereosity, less corruption, freedom to make life choices

Physical Health! They are less susceptible to viruses than those with lower levels of SWB and have stronger immune systems

- They assessed people's current health and determined what was the best predictor of death.
- It was NOT having meaningful relationships; people who did have many meaningful relationships were most likely to be alive at the end
- showing us that good human relationships are good for physical heatlh (not just mental health)

Contact from an animal (such as a bat, whether you eat it or come in contact with one) that spreads from person to person; Cultural daily practices make the disease spread faster; Relates to culture because African cutlure are collectivisitic high touch cultures, which means the spread is a lot worse than it would be in the U.S. since it is a low touch culture

Immunocompromising disease if not treated because it turns into AIDs
- Homophobia, stereotyping, and celebrity status
- The population most affected were gay men, so people who got it deserved it
Celebrity status: only when celebrities supported the cause, the stigma over HIV was lessened

Spread more in high density areas because it is airborne, individualistic countries -> Lead to racism and ageism
- Ageism: People don't care about old people and it's okay if they're dead
- Asians have experienced more hate crimes, microaggresions, which were associated with poorer physical and mental health

- Driven, motivated, aggressive, workalcoholic, associated with early death from cardiovascular disease

Being poor = more exposed to toxins, can't do "healthy habits" = stress

High blood pressure and cardiovascular disease

They maintain their own diet and cultural practices, that buffer them from health problems

Associated with obesity and cardiovascular disease

Associated with cardiovascular disease

Human body parts: Killing Albinos and selling their body parts in order to get good luck, fertility, money; Nickel in your shoe, raw bok choy

the percentage of people who will be diagnosed with a disorder sometime within their lifetime.

involves a trained expert (something with an education) who does NOT have a personal relationship with a client who tells the client what to do to improve their mental health.

poor way to define psychological disorders because some rare behavior is not disordered (aka Olympic athletic ability) and some disorders are not rare (depression is common)

this is a poor way to define psychological disorders because some cultural behaviors drive mental health problems (like the way individualistic culture treat relationships increases depression) and because everyone belongs to multiple cultures that have different values that conflict with each other.

this is bad criteria because lots of things causes distress (working multiple jobs, going through final exams well) but our not disorders and some disorders do not cause distress (e.g. manic state of bipolar disorder or ASPD).

-this is a bad criteria because some threatening behaviors (bad driving) is no a disorder and many disorders are not threatening to others or self (most depression, all anxiety disorders)

does it interfere with daily functioning in some way. Again, not a good criteria because most people with anxiety disorders function, but they are distress and want help. Some maladaptive behavior we wouldn’t consider a psychological disorder (e.g. procrastination).

Women have double the lifetime prevalence rate of depression than men (26% vs. 13%). However, most experts believe men experience depression just as much as women but are hiding it due to cultural display rules against men showing sadness and seeking help for emotional issues. These men may be more likely to seek help in the form of drugs and alcohol. Men are more than twice as likely as women to develop substance use disorder.

In the U.S. African Americans are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia probably due to racism. Schizophrenia is a severe diagnosis with a lots of stigma, so being over diagnosed with this disorder has super negative outcomes.

ADHD is more likely to be diagnosed in boys than girls even though brain research shows boys brains develop on average a little slower than girls. Rather than accepting more restless behavior to account for these differences, many school systems prefer the child to be diagnosed with ADHD and medicated leading to an easier to control child and more money for the school.

Period of brooding followed by an outburst of violent, aggressive, or homicidal behavior. The outburst may be preceded by a perceived insult or slight. The outburst is often accompanied by amnesia for it, exhaustion, and a return to pre-brooding state

Difficulties in concentrating, remembering, and thinking as well as physical symptoms centered around the head and neck such as pain, pressure, tightness, blurring of vision, or feelings of heat. Primarily experienced by male students

Hypersensivitity to sudden fright, often with echolalia (meaningless echoing of words), obedience to commands, and trancelike behavior

Preoccuption with death and the deceased. Symptoms may include bad dreams, weakness, feelings of danger, loss of appetite, anxiety, hallucinations, and fainting

An episode of sudden and intense anxiety that one's sexual organs will recede into the body and possibly cause death

Sudden episode of irrational and violent behavior of up to 30 minutes duration and frequently followed by convulsive seizures and coma lasting up to 12 hours

Episodes characterized by sudden collapse, either without warning or proceeded by feelings of dizziness or "swimming" in the head. Although their eyes are open, they claim an inability to see. They feel unable to move.

Dizziness, physical complaints such as backache, general weakness, insomnia, and complaints of sexual dysfunction, which are attributed to a fear of excessive semen loss from frequent intercourse, masturbation, or noctural emission

Intense fear that one's body, body parts, or bodily functions are displeasing, embarrassing, or offensive to other people in appearance, odor, facial expressions, or movements

Uncontrollable shouting, attacks of crying, trembling, heat in the chest that rises to the head, and verbal or physical aggression. Frequently associated with a stressful family event, such as death of a relative, divorce, or an argument

Characterized by a distorted body image, fear of becoming fat, and a serious loss of weight associated with food restraining and purging

Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorders (a cultural bound syndrome to people to consume a lot of Hollywood media). Worst in European American women. They are 85% or less of their ideal body weight due to not eating and to purging. Deadly in 50% of sufferers.

an eating disorders (a cultural bound syndrome to people to consume a lot of Hollywood media -the person is normal weight or even a little overweight and practice binging and purging food. A lot less deadly than Anorexia nervosa

A business’ system for giving out rewards like pay, good office space, parking spaces, promotions, etc.

whoever performs best gets the most resources

whoever has been there the longest gets the best resources

whoever has the biggest family gets the best schedule, vacation, resources, etc.

whoever has a good relationships with the boss gets the most resources

whoever has the most money and bribes the right people gets the most resources.

how an organization handles decision making (who has the power)

power is in one person’s hand who may or may not deserve it

decisions are made by majority vote (if the vote is close people are likely to sabotage implementation of the decision)

decision is made by a group of people

Someone who seems themselves as the “father” of the people in the business makes important decisions in both the business and their employees personal lives

Some cultures believed mental health issues are due to religious sins and so a priest would be the person to talk to (this would also lead to underdiagnosis)

Money can play into diagnoses in the U.S. schools get more money for each ADHD diagnosis and so may suggests to parents that their child has an issues they don’t really have (since family physicians are doing most of the diagnosing and have no Dtraining they readily give out that diagnosis) over pathologizing/ over diagnosis.

Racism and sexism do play into diagnosing and treating psychological disorders and may lead women and persons of color to get more extreme diagnoses and less help.

Lowest level of Socioeconomic status (SES) are 2.5 times more likely to experience a mental disorder than people in the highest socioeconomic status.

Psychological process that involves looking inward to examine one's own thoughts, emotions, judgments, and perceptions.

Psychological disorder characterized by delusions and hallucinations, lack of motivation,, social withdrawal, impaired memory and disorganized emotion

- Physical changes (sleep, appetite)
- Motivational changes (apathy, boredom)
- Emotional changes (hopelessness, sadness)
Behavioral changes (loss of energy)

○ Inattention (Easily distracted)
○ Impulsivity (interrupting others, having trouble waiting one's turn)
○ Hyperactivity (climbing, fidgeting)

Relative to European Americans, all other groups
(African American, Asian Americans, and Native
Americans) had higher dropout rates and poorer
treatment outcomes.

Shame, loss of face, active avoidance of morbid thoughts, believing mental
illness is caused by lack of willpower, fear of the system, cultural displays
rules that view talking about/thinking about negative emotions as taboo

believing mental illness should be overcome with willpower, beliefs one
should be self-reliant and “tough out” difficult situations
Mistrust in the system (e.g. Tuskegee experiment)

Belief sickness is caused by disharmony between oneself, community, and
nature

Seeking help outside the family is shameful, weakness of characters, or
disgraceful

Belief mental illness is cause by evil spirits, belief that power to cure lies in
the church (e.g. exorcism of Emily Rose)

First seek help from extended family & traditional healers

A collective pattern of thinking that hinders effective group decisions

1. Pressure to conform
2. Self-censorship
3. Mind guarding
- Try not learn about any other decision than the favored option
4. Illusion of morality
5. Illusion of invulnerability
- If someone isn't going to be punished for making a bad decision, they will most likely make the bad decision
6. Illusion of unanimity
7. Collective rationalization
-Everyone uses their brain for one goal and the other ones
8. Excessive stereotyping
-One demonizes another so they don't have to listen to them

Groups worked harder than individuals

Individuals worked harder than in a group

○ Popular in Japan
○ Slow to decide, but fast to implement
○ Going to one person, if they agree, they both go to the next person, etc.
Building census, while getting the approval, the proposal changes based off the input

- Staying because you ought to
- My boss invested so much time in training and mentoring me
- Don't want to let other people down

Staying because you need to

Staying because you want to

1. Time
2. Individual control
3. Specialization
4. Pragmatism
5. Democracy
6. Equal opportunity
7. Independence
8. competition

Incompatible needs or wishes

Always bad
- It is a mismatch of beliefs and desires that it is so long lasting that it has become ingrained in the culture, such that new people who are growing up in the culture such that new people are growing up in the culture, grow up and learn about the conflict and believe in the conflict, the culture has developed beliefs, behaviors and attitudes that support the conflict continuing

People not involved in the conflict getting involved

when the parties have shared interests or opportunities to realize mutual gains through trades across multiple issues - WIN-WIN situation

the process by which parties attempt to negotiate real or imagined differences to a mutually acceptable settlement.

○ Loss of face for those who lose their tempers
Negative emotions are thought to bring more problems and/or illness

Walking away, social rejection, humor, forgiveness

Punishment just adds worse and doesn't bring you anything

Going to a person of authority for help in a situation

○ Force them, kill, imprison, people to get them to agree
It makes things worse

○ When someone who is not involved (nothing to gain nothing to lose) helps people come to an agreement

When people don't abide by the laws as an act of non-violence and protest

Showing positivity instead of negativity back

○ Compromise
§ Both parties give up a little, and they gain a little bit
○ Capitulation
§ One party gives in completely to another party
○ Coexistence
Both parties say we are gonna do our own things and not have conflict

○ Korean airlines had multiple crashes due to cultural norms
The resoltuion was to change he culture in the cockpit

They have 4 course meals. Antipasti which are appetizers, Primi which is for pasta, secondi for meat or fish and dolci for dessert.

90% of italians are white Italians

There is a huge lack of religious diversity in Italy as 82% of Italians are Catholic

Rome is high power distance - church officials get special privileges and rights that cannot be questioned by other

Italians are hesitant to try foods from other cultures