geology exam #1

The Sun and Earths interior

Radioactive decay from unstable elements, remnant primordial heat still yet to dissipate from the planet's formation, and frictional heating plays a role, descending material rubs against other materials

Space around Earth

The envelope of gasses that encircles Earth

All the water (gas, solid, liquid) gas is incorporated into the atmosphere solid is incorporated into the cryosphere

All of Earths solid ice, its melting is having a dramatic effect on all other spheres.

Everything alive that exists within Earths System even cryosphere

Crust of Earth and upper part of the mantle/ Earth as a single body. Tectonic plates are the lithosphere. Geosphere includes mantle, liquid outer core, and solid inner core.

Sphere we created (our impact on the earth) includes infrastructure like roads and bridges and agriculture

Melting of ice caps direct on lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Volcano direct on lithosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere indirect on hydrosphere. Deforestation direction biosphere and atmosphere, indirect on lithosphere and hydrosphere. Earthquake direct on lithosphere and biosphere indirect on hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere

Events that impact the spheres and bring an imbalance to the system it has direct and indirect repercussions (volcanic eruption)

Results of forcing's they can amplify or balance the forcing (Melting of Arctic)

Storage of energy and materials (Hydrocarbon in fossil fuels - burning - atmosphere - hydrosphere)

System moves so far out it cannot swing back (asteroid impact)

A substance that is: naturally occurring, inorganic, solid at room temperature, has an orderly and repeating internal crystalline structure, and a chemical composition that can be defined by a chemical formula. Rocks are made of minerals

Olivine, Augite, Hornblende, Biotite, Calcium-rich plagioclase (Anorthite), Sodium-rich plagioclase (albite), Potassium-rich feldspar (commonly Orthoclase), Muscovite, Quartz, and Calcite

Plagioclase Feldspar, Alkali Feldspar, Quartz, Pyroxene, Amphibole, Mica, Clay, Other silicates, Non silicates

Oxygen (46.6%) and Silicon (27.7%)

Silicates and Carbonates

Plagioclase Feldspar

Shows how crystallization of minerals from magma, or cooling lava, follows a very specific sequence. Represents the formation of the largest group of minerals, silicate minerals

Makes Clay

Crystallization of minerals from magma, or cooling lava

Biomineralization (clams extract calcium from water and combine it with tissues to form their skeletons), Precipitation (calcium and carbonate ions combine to precipitate micro crystals from calcite circulating in water, Evaporation (leaves behind crystalline calcite minerals), and very rare but igneous process

Chlorine ionically bonded with sodium or other cations. Table salt(sodium chlorine)

Hydrated oxides form when iron is exposed to oxygen and water. The red color that we often see in soil and rock is usually due to the presence of iron oxides. Easier to date things

Igneous because they were formed from cooling lava

No

Igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary

Representative of rock derived from the upper mantle becomes visible on surface due to moving tectonic plates or erosion

Plutonic (intrusive) is coarse grained, volcanic is fine grained and smooth because it cooled too fast to form large crystals

Ultramafic mostly composed of olivine rare to find on earth's surface and high in iron less than 40% silica, Mafic abundance of dark minerals the ocean crust is mostly mafic 45-50% silica range, Intermediate equal amount of light and dark minerals associated with convergent plate boundary volcanos 55-60% silica range, Felsic majority light colored minerals dominated continental crust 65-75% rich in silica low in iron and magnesium

Igneous rocks are formed from slow or fast cooling magma, metamorphic rocks are rocks that change in composition parent rock is protolith this could happen from stress, heat, tectonic movement

No, they are not all foliated foliation occurs from differential (unequal) stress

Regional occurs over a wide area of crust thousands of km it can affect crust thickness, Contact happens when an intrusion of magma bakes the surrounding rocks a much smaller area than regional

Collision and compression of tectonic plates 10-100's of km deep

Wind, water, ice, and gravity

Physical disintegration breaking a rock into smaller pieces

Changes the chemical of the mineral water is the most dominant agent it adds or subtracts elements to the mineral

Clastic are small weathered pieces of rock, Chemical is not formed by weathering or erosion chemical weathering contributes the dissolved ions in water that ultimately form the various rock types, Biochemical is formed from shells and bodies of other organisms, Organic is formed by the remains of organic material that has undergone the lithification process the source materials are plant and animal remains that are transformed through burial and heat, and end up as coal, oil, and methane

Coarse-grained sediment and poorly sorted rocks are usually found nearer to the source of sediment, while fine sediments are carried farther away (higher energy). Rounded have a longer travel distance and are higher energy

Finer grains are lower energy but traveled longer so clay, sand, then pebbles. Pebbles in mountain streams, sand on a beach, and clay on a lake

Red would indicate an oxygen rich environment because the material is rusting, black indicates a marine environment

Lush swamplands

Depositional characteristics a body of rock with special characteristics

Chemical is formed through dissolved ions in water, Biochemical is formed though fossil remains, Organic is made from animal and plant remains

Moving water or wind

alternating dry/wet and a very quiet environment

Deposition in some type of collecting basin

Evaporation

Compression

Absolute dating deals with real dates, relative dating unravels events and puts them all together to get an proximate date of the rock

A half-life is the amount of time needed for half of the parent atoms in a sample to decay into daughter products.

This is done by multiplying the number of half-lives that have passed by the half-life decay constant of the parent isotope

Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, Phanerozoic

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

Permian, Carboniferous, Pennsylvanian, Mississippian, Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician, Cambrian

Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic

Quaternary, Neogene, Paleogene

Holocene, Pleistocene

Pliocene, Miocene

Oligocene, Eocene, Paleocene

upward-arching folds

Downward (troughlike) folds in the Earth's crust.

A type of fault where the hanging wall slides downward; caused by tension in the crust

A type of fault where the hanging wall slides upward; caused by compression in the crust

A type of fault where rocks on either side move past each other sideways with little up or down motion

Cross cutting relationship where hot magma intrudes

Charles Lyell's idea that geologic processes have not changed throughout Earth's history. "the present is the key to the past." (gravity was the same as it is now)

a principle that states that younger rocks lie above older rocks if the layers have not been disturbed

This principle states that sediments are always deposited in a flat-lying manner.

the idea that when layers of sediment are formed, they extend in all directions horizontally

A principle or law stating that a disrupted pattern is older than the cause of disruption.

Pieces of one rock unit that are contained within another

When magma bakes the surrounding rock that was already there

A principle or law stating that fossil species succeed one another in a definite and recognizable order; in general, fossils in progressively older rock show increasingly greater differences from species living at present.

A break in the geologic record created when rock layers are eroded or when sediment is not deposited for a long period of time.

Represents an erosional surface separating rocks of different types. The erosional surface will separate igneous and/or metamorphic rock from overlying sedimentary rock

exists where part of a sequence of parallel rock layers is missing

tilted rocks are overlain by flat-lying rocks