psy exam #2

1. Sexual strategy: men are the pursuers
2. Men are more directly aggressive than woman across cultures
3. Women across cultures tend to conform more than men

Cultures in which norms place a strong emphasis on status and reputation

The roles, behaviors, and attitudes someone is expected to have given their culture

the degree to which somebody adopts those behaviors; outward behavior. Tgese vehavioral patterns may or may not be related to sex and sex roles, although they often are

Beliefs about gender groups; characteristics typically associated with men and women

the degree to which people feel like they adhering/not adhering to the roles prescribed by their culture; outward behavior can be different to what they feel inside

The degree to which a culture punishes people for acting outside their gender roles. Some cultures have relatively minor punishment for women who to “manly” things like earn more money then their partners, or dress in men’s clothes -this is called a LOW gender stereotype differentiation culture. Some cultures may jail or kill women who step outside their gender roles by wearing clothing men wear or earning money outside the household. This would be a HIGH gender stereotype differentiation culture.

high % of population Muslim, small % of women in University, poorer cultures

high % of population Christian, high % of women in university, more developed economically.

the person displays both male and female stereotype characteristics (e.g. they are both nurturing and assertive

the person displays traits that are neither masculine nor feminine. People with romantic partners who are undifferentiated tend to be the least satisfied with their relationships.

A man that endorses feminine traits

A woman that endorses masculine traits

Unemotional, strong, authoritative, aggressive, and masculine

A procedure that involves partial or complete removal of female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for nontherapeutic reasons. It has ties with attitudes concerning virtousness, chastity, and honor for women, fidelity, sex drives, and fertility; middle eastern, africans, south-americans, asian, pacific cultures

Practiced in Jewish and Islamic faiths

no, low gender stereotype differentation

Women

Men

Many cultures intentionally kill infants to keep the population down, to control evil spirits from spreading, or to increase the survival chances of other offspring

Rape, then expected to commit suicide, brutal attacks, murder, burning

- When people start becoming harmed, whether that's mentally, physically, emotionally, etc., it should be prohibited. They should abide by the law. So example, circumsion of any kind should not be performed because it is not consenual and may harm the person. They should have rights to their body autonomy, no one else. This also goes for marriages; people themselves should decide who they want to commit the rest of their life to.

African Americans -> Androgyny is associated with more positive relationships

Biological and physiological differences between men and women, the most obvious being the anatomical differences in their reproductive systems

Behaviors directly associated with biology; breast feeding, giving birth, fathering a child

The sense of where one fits in terms of sex

What you show to the outward world

A person whose gender identity aligns with the sex they were assigned at birth

People who reject static, conventional categories of gender and embrace fluid ideas of gender (and often sexual orientation).

Someone who doesn't identity exclusively as female/male

someone whose biological components doesn't conform to a specific sex

Someone who identifies with a different sex than the one assigned to them at birth

Fa'afafine: They are consider a third gender. They are male children raised to take on female tasks. The culture considers them females

In Tahiti, they have genetic males who live as woman (but not with women) called mahu, they are considered lucky

Muxe: A male in Oaxaca, who adopts female dress and mannerisms but who doesn't see themselves as female, but rather just expressing the innate feminity all people have

The punishment for homosexuality is 100 lashes if caught the first time, and death penalty if caught the second time

Bans lessons on sexual orietnation and gender identity

Reciprocal self-disclosure leading to emotional bond; Liking

people closer together in a physical environment are more likely to form a relationship than those farther away

Someone who only feels sexual feelings after they get to know someone and develop romantic attraction

A person who experiences no sexual attraction to other people

Sexual feelings; infatuation

Stick with person even when things are tough; Empty love

Romantic

Fatuous

Compassionate

Consummate

Proximity, familiarity, and attractiveness

1. expression of love, 2. nature of commitment and attitudes towards marriage, 3. approaches towards child-bearing, 4. perceptions of male-female roles, 5. money management, 6. perceptions of relationships with extended family, 7. differences in definition of marriage

1. capitulation - ability to give up one's own cultural behaviors and accept other's position occasionally, 2. compromise - finding a mutal point with both partially giving up their position, 3. coexistence - respecting others as they are

90%

No relationship exists, the weakest aspect of the interaction/ relationship defines it -> if someone doesn't know you exist, it's not on the triangle

People similar in age, race, religion, social class, education, etc. tend to form intimate relationship

Just about romantic relationships -> People of equal physical characterisitcs are likely to select each other

People tend to like others who like them

Nigeria, Iran, most religions

Many tribal cultures, most european countries, the U.S.

Island of Inis Beag, Melanesian Islands, Saudi Arabia, India

Many African Tribes, Most European coutnries, U.S.

central african republic

Southeast Asia

Africa

Rich, ambition, industriousness

Attractiveness and chastity

Darwin's theory of evolution is that emotions are evolutionarily adaptative and universal -> Congenitally blind infants and adults, nonhuman primates

Increased heart rate

Our perception of what emotion we're feeling -> "That's scary"

Facial expressions, physical expressions

rules for how to understand facial expressions tone of voice, eye gazing, words, etc. to mean a specific thing.

Something that triggers an emotion

Rules about certain emotions you show given the situation and what culture you are from; masking

The process by which people evaluate the events, situations, or occurrences that lead to their having emotion

accomplishing a goal

being prevented from accomplishing a goal; injustice

Loss of a loved object

Being sickened or replused by something

threat to physical or psychological well being

Acknowledging something new or novel

Feeling morally superior over someone else

The more servere emotional incidents occured

Japanese and Americans viewed something stressful and made the same facial expression, which means some expressions are universal

They want to express negative emotions in in-groups, suppress them in public, show more socially engaging emotions

They want to suppress negative emotions in in-groups, want to express negative in outgroups, they show socially disengaging emotions

A person who regulates or controls, or anything that regulates or controls, especially (in social psychology) a gesture (1) that accompanies speech and helps to coordinate turn-taking, including raising a hand in the air to indicate that one has not finished speaking, and establishing eye contact at the beginning and end of a speaking turn. See also kinesics.

dynamic behaviors, other than words, that convey messages

Use of time, clothing, choice of situation, hygiene, hairstyle, tattoos, piercing

The words contained in a language, the vocabulary - emic, honorific speech is an example, children living in urban areas had bigger vocabularies than those in rural areas

The system of rules governing how language issssss used and understood in given social contexts - apologies

The system of rules governing how words should sound in a given language

the smallest and most basic units of SOUND in a language

the most basic units of MEANING in a language

what words mean

The specific words and behaviors that are sent during communication that convey messages

point you're trying to get across

speech styles in certain languages that denote status differences among interactants

touching behaviors. Cultural specific rules about who touches whom and under what circumstances.

High - context matters more, Low - Promote direct communication in which messages are conveyed

The arm and hand motions we make when we are talking

when you are learning a new language it takes up a lot of brain space to think of the words to say or understand someone elses words and this slows down all though (e.g. math calculations) making the non-fluent person seem less intelligent than they really are.

Aspects of the voice that convey information such as tone, intonation, pitch, speech rate, use of silence

nonverbal behaviors that communicate a specific thing. By definition these are culturally specific. E.G. raised thumb means good things in U.S. and bad things in Iran. - emic

How we put things together so that it has meaning

The ability of individuals from a certain culture to recognize the emotions/messages of others of the same cultures relatively better than of those from a different cultural

when bilingual people switch between languages the switch often brings the culture associated with that language and its rules to mind. So someone speaking English may treat everyone equally, but that same person when they switch to Japanese might start showing respect to certain person.

suggests that speakers of different languages think differently, and that they do so because of the differences in their languages - language controls thought

Navajo were more likely to categorize objects by shape than English because they have special verbs for shapes

All languages contain terms for white and black, if a language contains 1 more term, it is red -> Dani tribe has only two words for color: dark/cold and light/warm

Japanese

Assume similarity = conflict.

1. Assumption of similarity
2. Anxiety happens naturally in unfamiliar situations or with unfamiliar people (this means we go with negative interpretations on things that are unfamiliar)
3. Language differences
4. Nonverbal misinterpretation
5. Tendency to evaluate = because anxiety goes along with unfamiliarity -people want to judge others as soon as possible to reduce anxiety. Problem is when they judge to quick conclusions about others we are often wrong
6. Stereotypes =people tend to interpret all behavior in line with their stereotypes which prevents us from understanding someone’s true meaning if they are saying or doing something counter to stereotypes about their group.

Mindfulness = being aware of what signals you are sending.
Uncertainty reduction = if you know you are going to be interacting with people form different cultures, ask questions beforehand about how to dress, greet people, what to do, what to avoid.
Face = think about the reputation of the person you are interacting with and whether there are different signals that should be use/avoid in public vs. private.
Emotion regulation = control your emotions, especially the negative ones and act according to the display rules of the culture you are interacting with (e.g. suppress negative emotion in many Asian cultures)

smile

All cultures weigh nonverbal signals more than verbal ones -which leads to a lot of miscommunication because non-verbal signals are ALL emics