Arch

Medicis were his patrons

Botticelli

Church of Sant' Andrea

Church of Saint' Andrea Liked vitruvius

Leon Battista Alberti

Ideal city of Sforzinda

Palladio wrote treatise on architecture; constructed villa between Venice and Vincenza 1550

The Four Books of Architecture

c. 1500; Vincenza, Italy; Palladio

Villa Rotunda

city house

Palazzo

forces from all the "immovable" elements of a building (weight of building materials, walls, floors, etc)

Dead Load

forces from all the "movable" elements of a building (people, equipment, furniture, etc)

Live Load

capacity to resist being pushed together

Compression

capacity to resist being pulled apart

Tension

1. step - Saqqara: Doser's Step Pyramid
2. bent - Sneferu's South Pyramid; Dahshur, Egypt
3. straight - Cheops' Pyramid; Giza, Egypt

3 types of pyramids

stepped structure (mud brick)
some of oldest pyramids (2125 BC)

Ziggurat

1. Great Pyramid
2. Hanging Gardens of Babylon
3. Temple of Artemis @ Ephesus (Fire)
4. Statue of Zeus (Fire)
5. Mausoleum of Halicarnassus (Earthquake)
6. Lighthouse of Alexandria (Earthquake)
7. Colossus of Rhodes (Earthquake)

7 wonders of the ancient world

First Recorded Architect

Imhotep

first tomb built into mountain; help stop looters

Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut

united by language
founded on: private property, individual freedom (less than 35% weren't slaves), democracy

Greek Architecture

series of regularly spaced columns supporting an entablature & usually 1 side of a roof structure

Colonnade

any of the panels, either decorated or plain, b/t the triglyph on a Doric frieze

Metope

1 of the vertical blocks separating the metopes on a Doric frieze

Triglyph

columns placed close, no base
plain capitals
metopes & triglyph
perfection of Doric - Parthenon

Doric Order

smaller buildings & interiors
recognizable by capital
perfection of Ionic - Temple of Athena Nike

Ionic Order

different capital from Ionic (leaves)
found on interiors

Corinthian Order

slight convex bulge given to a column to offset the optical illusion that it is thinner in the middle

Entasis

unlike Doric, supports an entablature w/ no decoration (wooden temple w/ pitched roof)

Tuscan Order

Ionic and Corinthian; roman innovation

Composite Order

G: objects in landscape (balance harmony refinement of form, not structure), post and beam
R: made space (images in context), the arch, vault, dome, concrete

Greeks vs Romans

extending an arch along its depth

Barrel Vault

Groin

Pont Du Gard

Nimes, France (10 ACE)

Maison Carree

completed around 80 ACE, seats 50k, orders differ by levels

Coliseum in Rome

double pediment, oculus, built under Hadrian (117-138 ACE)

Pantheon (125 CE)

triangle shape over colonnade

Pediment

a colonnade space forming an entrance or vestibule

Portico

Basilica Plan

Early Christian Churches

curved triangular panels which hold the load of a dome

Pendentives

built by Justine

Hagia Sophia

new Roman capital
changed to Constantinople (Constantine I)
now Istanbul, Turkey

Byzantium

Florence, Italy (1062-90)

St. Miniato al Monte

structure is also ornament (like Greeks)
not thick walls; use buttresses @ 90 degree to take collected pressures of ribbed vault and arch

Gothic Architecture

groin vault + pointed arch

Ribbed Groin Vault

signals gothic architecture/style

Pointed Arch

Notre Dame de Paris (1163-1250)

Chartres Cathedral (1130-1260)

Transept

firmness: structure
commodity: function
delight: beauty

Vitruvius 3 principles essential to Architecture

solids, voids, scale, massing, proportion, rhythm, color, texture, light

Architects shape space using what elements?

solids and voids

relationship between __________________ creates architectural space

greek mathematician Euclid an irrational proportion with special mathematical and spatial relationships

the golden section

vertical window in a projection on a sloping roof

Dormer Window

window projecting from the surface of the wall to allow light from three sides

Bay Window

horizontal band of windows

Ribbon Window

Ecole des Beaux est in 1700

the first art school

5 year BARC
or 4+2 MARC
or 3+ year MARC
Min. 3 year internship minimum weeks of exposure to carious aspects of practice
pass 7 part ARE 4.0 exam

What are the steps to become a licensed architect?

schematic design
design development
construction documents
bidding and contract negotiations
construction phase

What do basic architecture services consist of ?

architects seal

Final drawings and specifications are stamped with what

orthographic 3D
axonometric 3D
perspective: more detailed, shows what building would look like

three types of architectural drawing

plan
section
elevation

ORTHOgraphic drawings consist of

axon+metron=axis measure
depict and require measurement in three dimensions
"paraline": parallel lines in the object are parallel in the drawing

AXONOMETRIC drawings

depict and require measurement in three dimensions like axon
foreshortening: parallel lines in the object appear to recede in depth unlike axon
this is how we see it, realistic

PERSPECTIVE drawings

Charles Garnier
Paris Opera House

Beaux ARTS Neoclassical Eclecticism

Boston; H.H. Richardson

Trinity Church (1872-1877)

designed by Joseph Paxton (1851); For World's Fair, London; made of modular parts that could be disassembled and resembled; standardized, made from industrial manufacturing processes; methodical organization of the building process used metal building technology

Crystal Palace

Paris;
Henri Labrouste 1842-1850; symbolic train station; represent readers journey into knowledge; cast iron shaped into columns and arches support vaults and domes

Bibliotheque Ste. Genevieve

1869-1883; Suspension bridge; tension

Brooklyn Bridge

Paris; 1885; iron construction

Gustav Eiffel

Forefront of American architecture;
1871 fire;
Chicago School of architects

Chicago

Louis Sullivan -- Adler & Sullivan

Chicago Opera House

Rookery, Chicago

Burnham and Root

Vanderbilt Mansion, Ashville, NC; F.L. Olmstead

Biltmore

Chicago

Columbia Exposition of 1893

American (Chicago) architect (1869-1959); acknowledges as the most significant American architect of the 20th century;

Frank Lloyd Wright

Frank Lloyd Wright; 1908-09

Robie House

Frank Lloyd Wright; 1909

Unity Temple

"Less is a Bore"

Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown

1964; Chestnut Hill, PA; Robert Venturiv

Vanna Venturi House

1960-1965; Philadelphia, PA; Robert Venturi

Guild House

the activity, spirit or time of humanistic revival of classical art, literature, and learning originating in Italy in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century making the transition from the medieval to the modern world

Renaissance

architect, painter, sculptor, goldsmith; humanism-- human achievement separate from religious dogma; reconcile the classical view of human potential with Christian belief in divine intention; wanted excellence in human achievement-- all was possible

Brunelleschi

Dome of the Cathedral of Florence 1418-1436; largest dome built since the Romans; technical achievement in its construction; no centering-- built to be self-supporting as it was constructed; employed ribs and double shells

The "Duomo"

symmetrical forms; proportions relate one element to another; application scientific perspective

Brunelleschi: Father of the Renaissance

first Renaissance building; Brunelleschi; Florence 1422

Foundling Hospital

Brunelleschi; Medici hired him;

Church of San Lorenzo, Florence

Brunelleschi

Pazzi Chapel

wrote "bible" for Renaissance architects; Roman architect and theorist, "the ten books on architecture"; the only complete book on architectural design and theory to survive from the ancient world; had enormous influence on Renaissance architecture

Vitruvius

firmness, commodity, and delight, vitruivian figure

two thoughts from vitruvius

Berlin; Peter Behrens; 1909

AEG Turbine Factory

Walter Gropius; Germany 1911; International Style

Fagus Factory

Mies van der Rohe

Barcelona Pavilion

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe; God is in the details

Seagram Building

William Van Alen

Chrysler Building

Frank Lloyd Wright

Guggenheim Museum

Eero Saarinen; NYC

TWA Terminal

Eero Saarinen; D.C.

Dulles Airport

Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers

Pompidou Center

1965-72; Louis Kahn

Phillips Exeter Academy Library

Childhood friends
Practice is Basil, Switzerland

Key Commissions: Tate Gallery of Modern Art (London) & National Olympic Stadium (Beijing) aka "the bird nest"

Herzog and de Meuron

Tallest building in the EU
Offices, Restaurant, Hotel, Apartments, Observatory

The Shard - London (Renzo Piano)

7th century
Jerusalem
Influenced by Byzantine architecture

Dome of the Rock