BIO test 1

1. Cells are the simplest units of life
2. All living things use energy from their natural environment
3. Living organisms interact with their environment
4. Living organisms maintain homeostasis
5. Living Organisms grow
6. Living organisms reproduce themselves via genetic material (DNA)
7. Populations of organisms evolve from one generation to the next
8. All species, past present, are related by evolutionary history

1. Atoms
2. Molecules
3. Cells
4. Tissue
5. Organ
6. Organism
7. Population
8. Community
9. Ecosystem
10. Biosphere

All Organisms evolved from a common ancestor

a great diversity of different life forms have evolved to be adapted to different environments

1. Vertical descent with modification- modification of preexisting characteristics through sexual reproduction and natural selection

2. Horizontal transfer- modification through the transfer of genetic material between different species without sexual reproduction

the grouping of species based on common ancestry

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Unicellular Prokaryotes that inhabit diverse Enviroments

Unicellular Prokaryotes that inhibit extreme Enviroments

Unicellular and Multicellular, Animals

Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals

water bugs, microscopic

Mushrooms, moss ect.

Plants

Mammels

Uniques scientific name comes from the (Genus species)

the variable that is tested

the variable that is measured

independent variable remains constant

independent variable is tested

an explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is supported by a large body of evidence

1. Consistent with an overwhelming body of evidence 2. Can be used to make valid predictions

smallest functional units of matter

composed of only one type of atom

The net charge of an atom is neutral

1s orbital holds 1 pair of electrons= 2 electrons

holds 1s orbital, 3p orbitals which holds a total of 8 electrons

the number of protons in an atom that distinguishes what type of atom it is

is determined by the number of protons and neutrons and is calculated from the average mass of all the different isotopes

atoms of the same element that contain different numbers of neutrons

unstable isotopes that become more stable through radioactive decay

a molecule composed of 2 or more different types of elements

the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in the molecule

atoms are stable when their outer shell is full (typically 8 electrons)

a strong bond that forms when atoms share a pair of electrons

a covalent bond formed between atoms of different electronegativity. Unequal distribution of electrons creates polarity across the molecule

a covalent bond between atoms with similar electronegativity, where there is no polarity and electrons are shared equally

bonds that form between a cation and a anion by electrostatic attraction. These ionic compounds are called salts

atoms that have gained or lost one or more electrons

ions that have a net positive charge

ions that have a new negative charge

the hydrogen from one polar molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom of another polar molecule

molecules with ionic/polar covalent bonds that readily dissolve in water (water loving)

Nonpolar covalent molecules that do not dissolve in water (water fearing)

have some polar/ionic regions and some nonpolar regions(both water loving and fearing)

molecules that release H ions to increase the H ion concentration (ph less than 7)

molecules that decrease the hydrogen ion concentration (ph greater than 7)

consist of weak acids and bases and help to maintain a constant pH

molecules that contain a carbon (4 electrons) bonded to a hydrogen atom

are small organic molecules that join together to form polymers

are composed of large repeating monomers

all carbons are linked by single bonds and are solid at room temperature

some carbons are linked together by double bonds and is liquid at room temperature

Naturally

Unaturaly

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

simple sugars with an -ose ending

2 monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond

polymers formed out of many monosaccharides

glycogen (animals- highly branched), starch (plants- moderately branched)

composed of hydrogen and carbon and are nonpolar and insoluble in water

composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids linked by ester bonds (type of Lipid)

amphipathic molecules with a phosphate head (polar/hydrophilic) and a fatty acid tail (nonpolar/hydrophobic) (type of Lipid)

four interconnected rings of carbon that are insoluble in water (type of Lipid)

secreted on the surface of plants and animals and provide structural elements and a nonpolar barrier against water loss (type of Lipid)

long chains of amino acids linked by a peptide bond into polypeptides

They act as enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions, provide structural support, regulate the passage of substances across the cell membrane, protect against disease, and coordinate cell signaling pathways.

direct the production of proteins and determine our inherited characteristics. Contain a phosphate group, sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a base they link together by phosphodiester bonds.

all the proteins produced by a cell that make the cell unique

DIFFERENT proteome

reactions that break down polymers by adding water

reactions that form polymers by releasing water

unicellular, simple sells with no membrane enclosed organelles and the DNA is not stored in a membrane enclosed nucleus

DNA is located here

region inside plasma membrane

site of protein synthesis

separates the cell from the environment

supports and protection

pili (attachment) and flagella (movement)

complex cells with membrane enclosed organelles and DNA contained in a membrane enclosed nucleus

contains digestive enzymes that degrade waste (Animal Only)

store nutrients and maintain turgor pressure (Plant Only)

site of photosynthesis (Plant only)

the boundary between the cell and extracellular environment, with proteins that perform transportation, signalling, and adhesion

outside the organelles, but inside the plasma membrane

cytosol + organelles

helps cells hold stape and structure, movement of cargo, and cell movement

contains the cell genetic library (DNA) which is organized into chromosomes (largest organelle)

site of ribosome synthesis

the site of protein synthesis

protein folding and labeling, proteins are folded, glycosylated (addition of a carbohydrate) and passed into the Golgi

breaks down fatty acids for energy, detoxifies toxic molecules, synthesis certain lipids and produces hydrogen peroxide as a by product

synthesizes lipids and detoxification of substances

receives and modifies glycoproteins from the ER and ships them to the final destination. It also is the site of carbohydrate synthesis

cells energy factories that generate ATP and site of aerobic cellular respiration

contain their own DNA are derived from symbiotic relationships and sort proteins not destined for the secretory system