Generated Deck

What is the first and most critical step in histotechnology?

What terminates any ongoing biochemical reactions?

What increases the mechanical strength or stability of the treated tissues?

What inhibits the growth of bacteria and molds that give rise to putrefactive changes?

What is the primary aim of fixation?

What is the secondary aim of fixation?

What are the objectives of fixation?

What mechanism involves the chemical constituent of the fixative being taken in and becoming a part of the tissue?

What mechanism involves the fixing agent not being taken into tissue but altering the tissue composition and stabilizing the tissue?

What is the traditional volume of fixative?

What volume of fixative provides maximum effectiveness?

What volume is used for Osmium tetroxide?

What volume is used for Museum Preparation?

What pH range is best for fixation?

What temperature is used for routine fixation?

What temperature is used for Electron Microscopy?

What is the thickness of section for Electron Microscopy?

What is the thickness of section for Light Microscopy?

What osmolality usually gives the best results?

What concentration is widely used?

What concentration is ideal for Electron Microscopy?

What can be used to cut down fixation time?

When should tissues be fixed to prevent autolysis or putrefaction?

What fixative is made up of only one component substance?

What fixative is made up of two or more fixatives?

What fixatives permit the general microscopic study of tissue structures without altering the structural pattern and normal intercellular relationship of the tissues in question?

What fixatives must never contain Osmic acid because it inhibits hematoxylin?

What fixatives preserve specific parts and particular microscopic elements of the cell itself?

What fixatives preserve the nuclear structures?

What fixatives contain glacial acetic acid as their primary component due to its affinity for nuclear chromatin?

What is the pH of Nuclear Fixatives?

What fixatives preserve cytoplasmic structures?

What fixatives must NEVER contain glacial acetic acid which destroys mitochondria and Golgi bodies?

What is the pH of Cytoplasmic Fixatives?

What fixatives preserve the chemical constituents of cells and tissues?

What is the process of placing an already fixed tissue in a second fixative?

What process facilitates and improves the demonstration of particular substances?

What process makes special staining techniques possible with the secondary fixative acting as a mordant?

What process ensures further and complete hardening and preservation of tissues?

What form of secondary fixation places a primarily fixed tissue in aqueous solution of 2.5-3% potassium dichromate for 24 hours?

What process removes excess fixative from the tissue after fixation to improve staining and remove artefacts?

What removes excess chromates from tissues fixed in Kelly's, Zenker's, and Flemming's solutions?

What removes excess formalin and osmic acid?

What removes excess amount of picric acid from Bouin's solution?

What removes excessive mercuric fixatives?

How thick should tissues be except lung edema?

How thick may tissue slices be in lung edema?

What organs should be packed cotton soaked in fixative or completely opened before being immersed in adequate fixing solution?

What are examples of hollow organs?

What organ may float on fixative?

What may be used to maintain air filled lungs under the surface?

What should not be dissected before fixation because it may lead to immediate tissue collapse and wrinkling due to escape of vitreous humor?

What should be injected before immersing the eyes in the fixative?

What method involves hard tissues being washed out in running water overnight and immersed in 4% aqueous phenol solution for 1–3 days?

What is one of the most commonly used fixatives?

What is usually buffered at pH 7.0 with phosphate buffer?

What is the fixative of choice for immunohistochemistry and interphase Fluorescent in-Situ Hybridization?

What is recommended for fixation of central nervous tissues and general post-mortem tissues for histochemical examination?

What is recommended for preservation and storage of surgical, post mortem and research specimens?

What is the best fixative for tissues containing iron pigments?

What is recommended for routine post-mortem tissues?

What is the polymerized form of formaldehyde, usually obtained as a fine white powder?

What depolymerizes back to formalin when heated?

What fixative consists of 4% Paraformaldehyde-1% Glutaraldehyde in 0.1M Phosphate Buffer?

What fixative is suitable for preparing samples for light microscopy in resin embedding and sectioning, and for electron microscopy?

What fixative is made up of two formaldehyde residues, linked by a three carbon chain?

What fixative is satisfactory for electron microscopy with Osmium tetroxide as a secondary fixative?

What solution is used for small tissue fragments and needle biopsies fixed in 2-4 hours at room temperature?

What solution is recommended for larger tissues less than 4 mm thick, fixed in 6-8 hours up to 24 hours?

What is excellent for fixing dry and wet smears, blood smears and bone marrow tissues?

What alcohol is used for fixing touch preparations for certain special staining procedures such as Wright-Giemsa?

What alcohol causes RBC's to become hemolyzed and WBC's inadequately preserved if lower concentrations are used?

What alcohol preserves nucleoproteins and nucleic acids and is used for histochemistry, especially for enzyme studies?

What is the most rapid fixative and may be used for urgent biopsy specimens?

What fixative is used to fix brain tissue for the diagnosis of rabies?

What solution is recommended for frozen sections and smears?

What can be used for fixation or post-fixation of large fatty specimens, particularly breast?

What is sometimes used to fix diagnostic cryostat sections?

What fixative is good for preservation of glycogen and for micro-incineration technique?

What fixative is used to fix sputum since it coagulates mucus?

What fluid is recommended for fixing mucopolysaccharides and nuclear proteins?

What is the most common metallic fixative?

What is the routine fixative of choice for preservation of cell detail in tissue photography?

What metallic fixative is recommended for renal tissue, fibrin, connective tissue and muscle?

What solution permits brilliant staining of nuclear and connective tissue fibers?

What solution is recommended for congested specimens such as lung, heart and blood vessels?

What solution gives good results with PTAH and trichrome staining?

What solution is an excellent fixative for bone marrow, extramedullary hematopoiesis and intercalated discs of cardiac muscle?

What is an excellent microanatomic fixative for pituitary gland, bone marrow and blood containing organs such as spleen and liver?

What fixative enhances nuclear detail important for identifying normal and abnormal cell types in hematopoietic tissue?

What fixative is used for cytology of bone marrow biopsies?

What solution is recommended mainly for tumor biopsies especially of the skin?

What is traditionally used in electron microscopy both as a fixative and a heavy metal stain?

What is a good fixative and excellent stain for lipids in membranous structures and vesicles?

What fixes myelin and peripheral nerves well and is used extensively for neurological tissues?

What preserves cytoplasmic structures well, such as Golgi bodies and mitochondria?

What is the most common chrome-osmium acetic acid fixative used?

What is an excellent fixative for nuclear structures such as chromosomes?

What is recommended for cytoplasmic structures particularly the mitochondria?

What is used in 1-2% aqueous solution, usually as a constituent of a compound fixative?

What precipitates all proteins and adequately preserves carbohydrates?

What preserves mitochondria if used in pH 4.5-5.2?

What fluid is recommended for the demonstration of chromatin, mitochondria, mitotic figures, Golgi bodies, RBC and colloid-containing tissues?

What fluid is recommended for study of early degenerative processes and tissue necrosis?

What fluid demonstrates Rickettsiae and other bacteria?

What fixatives are recommended for acid mucopolysaccharides?

What fixatives fix connective tissue mucin?

What fixatives are excellent for glycogen demonstration?

What fixatives are suitable for Aniline stains such as Mallory’s, Heidenhain’s or Masson’s Trichrome Methods?

What acid is highly explosive when dry?

What solution is recommended for fixation of embryos and pituitary biopsies?

What solution is sometimes recommended for gastro-intestinal tract biopsies, animal embryos and endocrine gland tissue?

What solution is recommended for gastro-intestinal tract specimens and fixation of endocrine tissues?

What solution is highly recommended for the preservation of glycogen and other carbohydrates?

What is an essential constituent of most compound nuclear fixatives?

What solidifies at 17°C?

What fixes and precipitates nucleoproteins?

What is contradicted for cytoplasmic fixation?

What is used for the precipitation of proteins and nucleic acids?

What is used as a decalcifier and fixative in microscopy?

What is not recommended as morphological fixative for tissue blocks?

What is used to fix specimens at cold temperatures of 0 to 4°C?

What is recommended for the study of water diffusible enzymes especially phosphatases and lipases?

What is used in fixing brain tissues for diagnosis of rabies?

What provides a stable medium for transport of fresh unfixed tissues such as renal, skin and oral mucosa biopsies?

What solution is used for tissues that will undergo subsequent frozen section and immunofluorescence studies?

What solution is not suitable for transporting cells for flow cytometry or for tissues used for fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH)?