pucko exam 1 spring 23

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

All of the individuals of a single species that interact.

All of the populations of living things that interact in a place.

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment (biotic and abiotic factors).

Climate, geology, disturbance.

There is more diversity as you go towards the poles, so as we ascend a mountain, we experience ecosystems that change as a result of elevation (all biomes represented on a small scale).

Temperate rainforest, old growth forest, rich soil, diverse, mild/wet year-round, snow in mountains, infrequent fire/volcanic events.

May 18, 1980.

Covered by pumice (caused by magma in the air and cooled rapidly); tephra/volcanic ash (rock dust/ash with no nutrients).

Shock wave snapped trees at their bases, blew off leaves, killed trees, nothing above ground survived.

Outer reach of blast, some plants lived because of a layer of snow protecting them.

How plants move/migrate; try to reduce competition between the parent and child.

The type of dispersal that blows and can carry seeds long distances but the seeds land at random; seeds must also be small and light.

Seed coat, cotyledon, and embryo.

Weight/dispersal, waste of energy.

Protection from elements, getting eaten, moisture/temp extremities.

Food storage as fats and oils.

Provide energy for the growing plant, store more energy, last long before germination, more likely to survive than an individual small seed, but can't disperse as far.

Produce more seeds and have longer dispersal distance.

Small, wind-dispersed plants.

Lupine had the largest cotyledon, ballistic dispersal, legume (nitrogen-fixing bacteria).

Macronutrients, micronutrients, structural elements.

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (carbohydrates) make up the structure of a plant.

Needed in large quantities (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) to make nucleic acids/amino acids; come from soil.

Nutrients needed in small quantities; magnesium and nitrogen, chlorophyll.

Measure of ability to pass genes to subsequent generations.

All carbon from the air as CO2.

H2O, enters through roots in soil.

Comes in through the air in the soil; product of photosynthesis.

Complex molecules made of amino acids that do many things; synthesized using ribosomes and mRNA template (translation).

In the air, but completely inaccessible, so plants get it through the soil.

Help in food by catabolizing nutrients into monomeric units.

Carry substances in the blood or lymph throughout the body.

How plants take up nitrogen in the soil (can only take up nitrate NO3 through the soil); nitrates in soil come from soil bacteria that change ammonium (NH4) and nitrite (NO2) into nitrate.

Make up the structure.

Influences protein shape/interactions with other amino acids.

Provide nourishment in early embryo development and the seedling.

Building blocks of proteins.

Connect amino acids together.

The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.

Crimpedeta sheet or curled structure (alpha helix); coils or folds of polypeptide chain.

Complex folding of a single chain; each protein has a unique structure, and R groups come into play.

Multiple folded chains.

Atoms that share a pair of electrons; codependency, a low-energy state, holds them together.

"Permanent" attraction between whole charged particles (.8>).

Negatively charged ions, taking electrons.

Positively charged, missing electrons.

A measure of how equally or unequally the electrons in any covalent bond are shared.

A covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms (<=.4).

A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally (.4<.8).

How tightly an atom holds onto its electrons.

Bonds in which electrons are not shared evenly between atoms; results in partial negative and partial positive charges.

Electrostatic (charge) interactions between molecules or portions of a molecule. IMFs (noncovalent interactions fall under these).

Nonpolar interactions or van der Waals forces.

Strong "temporary" attraction between partially positive hydrogen and partially charged oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine; has to be bound to something very electronegative (important for water properties).

A slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules.

Hydrogen bonds of partial positive carboxyl and partial negative amino groups.

IMFs, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges.

Individuals will grow only up to the point they run out of a vital resource, even if there are surpluses in other categories; only works for organisms with indeterminate growth.

Nitrogen.

Soil bacteria convert N2 into biologically available NH4 (eventually NO3); nitrogen-fixing bacteria live symbiotically in plant roots (legumes).

Plants get nitrogen in a form they can use, and the bacteria receive products of photosynthesis like glucose.

Live their lives in close physical proximity and evolved together.

Both species benefit from interaction (+,+).

Symbiotic but not mutual (+,-).

Organisms that use energy from inorganic carbon (CO2) in sunlight or from chemical bonds in inorganic substances to make organic compounds.

An organism that obtains organic carbon (carbon and hydrogen)/organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products.

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected (+,0).

One organism gives up its well-being for the sake of another.

When two organisms fight over a limited pool of resources (-,-).

0/0.

Competition between members of the same species.

Competition between members of different species.

Because if we remove one, the other will increase, implying the two are suppressing each other's accessibility to resources.

One organism acts to increase the fitness of another organism at a cost to itself/decreasing fitness.

An organism increases the fecundity of a relative at a cost to its own reproductive capacity (mutualistic).

When one organism changes the environment, leading to its own eventual replacement.

The process of development that, over time, gradually and predictably changes the biological community.

Pioneer stages, Intermediate stages, Climax community.

Bare rock -> lichens -> small annual plants, moss -> perennial herbs, grasses -> shrubs, shade-intolerant trees -> shade-tolerant trees.

The last succession that will persist as a static ecosystem and will continuously regenerate itself.

Type of succession that occurs in the soil.

Structural, biodiversity, soil complexity.

Habitat diversity/complexity; broken down into vertical and horizontal.

Layers of a forest: canopy, sub-canopy, understory/shrub layer, forest floor, soil.

The patchiness of an ecosystem (look down from above).

Reverts us back to an earlier stage of succession; acts in opposition; allows succession to be constantly occurring at different stages and scales, which leads to horizontal complexity.

An ecosystem in a constant state of flux due to disturbance; develops over time; contains patches in different successional stages (horizontal complexity).

Disturbance and succession together.

Number of species in an ecosystem.

A measure of the abundance and distribution of species in an ecosystem.

Measure of biodiversity (distribution and diversity).

A measure of diversity between similar ecosystems.

The total weight of all the living things in an area.

Ability to prevent impacts from disturbance; ecosystems with high biodiversity/complexity resist change.

Ecosystems with high complexity recover faster following a disturbance.

All increase/decrease together (positive feedback loop).

Maximum growth rate, persistence, shade tolerance, longevity.

How fast a tree is able to grow given ideal conditions.

How little growth a tree can sustain without dying.

How much light a tree requires in order to live (maintain a positive carbon balance).

Maximum life span of a tree.

High maximum growth rate, low persistence/shade tolerance/longevity.

Low maximum growth rate, low persistence/shade tolerance/longevity.

Organisms that reproduce later in life, produce fewer offspring, and devote significant time and energy to the nurturing of their offspring.

The maximum size of a population that an ecosystem can sustain.

The point at which we stop increasing population growth rate, and population growth rate starts to decline (K/2).

Ecosystem -> community -> population -> species.