Organismal Biology Exam 2

Eukaryotes

linear

specific location of a gene on a chromosome

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides, result is 2 diploid cells

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms, includes genetic recombination, result is 4 different haploid cells

Growth and repair

Sexual reproduction

Spores, multicellular gametophytes

binary fission

Asexual, sexual, and Intermediate( selfing )

Diploid(2n)

Multicellular(2n) -> Ovary & testes -> gametes(n) unicellular -> Zygote -> Blastula -> Gastrula -> Multicellular

External(Aquatic) & internal

Alternation of generations

the alternation between the haploid gametophyte and the diploid sporophyte in a plant's life cycle

Sporophyte (2n) —-Through Mitosis—-> Sporangium ---through meiosis---> Spores (1n) --> Gametophyte (1n) ---through mitosis---> Gamete (1n) --> Zygote (2n) --> Sporophyte (2n)

Mycelium(n) —-Plasmogamy—> heterokaryotic cells —Karyoganmy—> Zygotes(2n) —-Meiosis—> spores — Dispersal & germination—-> Mycelium(n)

Mycelium > spores > Dispersal & germination

Sexual reproduction when two hyphae of different mating types fuse(Karyogany), resulting in 4 haploid cells

2 genetically distinct nuclei

Two haploid nuclei fuse

Spores are catapulted away from basidium in between gills on underside of fruiting body cap, carried away via wind

Spores W/ short distance dispersal of sperm through water

Dispersase as seeds, disperse sperm in pollen

Sporophytes that are homozygous and genetic clones of each other

Homozygous or heterozygous sporophytes, depends on gametophyte

Seed plants

Dispersal via spores, requires water film for fertilization , sporangium cannot survive on its own, primarily haploid, multicellular gametophyte and sporophyte

Diploid dominant, meiosis occurs on sporangium on underside of leaf, require water film for fertilization

Sporophyte dominant(Diploid), Sporangium inside ovule(Contains female spore), Stamen( male Sporangium), pollen is dispersed by stamen and delivers sperm via tube

Water

Sporophyte

heterosporous

Spores of two sizes

lack specialized tissues, reply on osmosis & diffusion, limited growth potential,

Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem), rely on bulk flow, large sporophytes but small gametophytes, true leaves

vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

The vascular tissue through which food moves in some plants

Lycophytes, ferns & allies, Seed plants

Small Exant plant w/: Dichotomous branching, independent phases, true leaves W/ one vein

gymnosperms and angiosperms

seeds in cones(male), haploid tissue, naked seeds(female), mostly pollinated by wind, lack fruits and flowers, needle like leaves

Pine, spruce, cypress

Produce fruit, seasonal life style, Tripoli's tissue, pollinated various ways, Female(Wrapped in carpel), Male(pollen in stamens)

angiosperms

Sepals(outermost), Petals, Stamen(male), Carpel(female)

Wheat, apple, maple, rose, walnut,

Female sporophytes

Produces endosperm and results in diploid and triploid tissues

angiosperms

cluster of flowers

lack true tissues; have choanocytes (flagellated cells), spicules, blastula, intracelular digestion

animals with true tissues; all animals except sponges, muscles evolved @ base

Muscles & nerves cells,True tissues, Digestive cavity with internal digestion(Extracellular)

invertebrates that have stinging cells( cnidocytes) and take food into a central body cavity, 2 germ layers(ectoderm & endoderm), radial symmetry

Medusa(Tentacles hanging down ) & polyp( tentacles up)

Many planes of symmetry around central axis

Body plan in which only a single, imaginary line can divide the body into two equal halves, allows mvmt in horizontal direction

Have 3 germ layers, Protosomes(mouth first) and Deutrosomes(mouth second)

an organism who's blastopore forms the mouth (Arthropods, annelids and mollusks)

blastopore becomes anus (chordata, Echinodermata)

Invertebrate, exoskeleton, composed of segments, appendages(legs & Antena) with joints, bilateral symmetry, open circulatory system, metamorphic(partial or complete), largest animal phylum

Flexible segmented body, gut head to tail, sophisticated nervous system, pulsing circulatory system, diverse

Mantle, tube feet, radula,

Radial symmetry, tube feet, bony plate,external digestion

an animal phylum that has a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, and gill slits at some time in its life cycle

voluntary, involuntary, cardiac

Hydrostatic, exoskeleton, endoskeleton

A fluid skeleton in many soft-bodied invertebrates( annelids, Cnidarians, Mollusks)

A body covering, typically made of chitin, that provides support and protection, venerable when molting (arthropods)

internal skeleton or supporting framework in an animal (Chordates, Echinoderms, Poriferans)

Ratio of a cell's outside area to its internal volume, influences shapes of cells & tissues & organs of organisms

Nutrient Absorption

Lungs, small intestine, porous organelles of mushrooms

Cacti, arctic animals

Ecological relationship between the mycelium of a fungus and the roots of certain plants

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

Same concentration

Aerobic

the exchange of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions

large surface area( lungs, gills, trachea, inside tissues)

stomata

loss of water from a plant through its leaves

water is a polar molecule meaning it has opposite charges on opposite ends. This causes hydrogen bonds to form causing water to stick together.

attraction between water molecules

An attraction between molecules of different substances

transpiration occurs, creating a pull force on water molecules due to cohesion, entire column of water moves up xylem tubes to replace water lost

Continuous water column

explanation for upward transport of water in xylem based upon transpiration-created tension and the cohesive properties of water molecules

Transport of carbohydrates and water are separate, powered by negative pressure.

A water-impermeable ring of wax in the endodermal cells of plants that blocks the passive flow of water and solutes into the stele by way of cell walls.

Photosynthesis and transpiration decrease & water cannot move inside

Bulk flow, powered by positive pressure

A circulatory system that allows hemolymph to flow out of the blood vessels and into various body cavities so that the cells are in direct contact

A circulatory system in which the oxygen-carrying blood cells never leave the blood vessels

Large

Small

away from the heart

toward

Large

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

A feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring.

a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified

Control body temperature with changes in behavior Ex: insects , less stable then endotherms

Control body temperature with physiological changes Ex: birds

marine animals which, in contrast to osmoregulators, maintain the osmolarity of their body fluids such that it is always equal to the surrounding seawater.

- Actively regulate their water loss or gain
- Include freshwater animals, most marine vertebrates, and all land animals

Getting water through drinking, eating, aerobic respiration And conserving water through barriers and waste absorption

1. Nitrogenous waste 2. Feces

ammonia, toxic

Ammonia, Urea, Uric Acid

Nitrogenous waste of mostly aquatic animals Ex: Fish very toxic

nitrogenous waste of mammals, amphibians, sharks, and bony fish

nitrogenous waste of birds, insects, reptiles, and land snails, leas toxic

the system that removes waste from your body and controls water balance

functional unit of the kidney that filters, absorbs, and secretes

cup-shaped strucutre of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and which filtration takes place.

Fluid inside the nephron that will eventually be removed

Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs

section of the nephron tubule that conserves water and minimizes the volume of urine

Portion of the nephron permeable only to water. The filtrate becomes more concentrated as it travels through, increasing concentration of the interstitial fluid.

Portion of the nephron not permeable to water, As the filtrate flows through, ions are actively pumped out of the filtrate, decreasing its concentration.

Between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct; Selective reabsorption and secretion occur here, most notably to regulate reabsorption of water and sodium

A segment of the nephron that returns water form the filtrate to the bloodstream.

the excretory organs of insects and other terrestrial arthropods.

1. Neighboring cells( diffusion) 2. Distant cells(bulk flow)

Chemical and electrical

Hormones, relatively slow

Action potentials, fast

Produced in plants and animals to regulate growth and body progresss

only certain neurotransmitters can activate certain receptors

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. Ex: pituary gland

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

sensory, motor, interneurons

respond to environmental stimuli, such as light, odor, or touch

Relays signals

a neuron that sends an impulse to a muscle or gland, causing the muscle or gland to react

Glucagon

Insulin

Negative feedback loop

Influence changes in plants

promotes cell elongation & cell expansion, moves via polar transport

A growth response of a plant toward or away from a stimulus

A growth response to light

The apical meristem

auxin transport proteins

bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

resting state, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization

all or nothing

Plasmodesmata