BIOL 150 EXAM 5

Every cell orginates from another cell

the highly ordered sequence of events that takes place in a cell, resulting in division of
the nucleus and the formation of two genetically identical daughter cells

46 (23 pairs)

22 pairs

X and Y chromosomes.

number of sets of chromosomes

2 sets of chromosomes

An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes.

Members of a pair of chromosomes

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere

Pair of chromosomes that are the same size, same appearance and same genes.

G1, S, G2, M, G0

First Gap

synthesis of DNA

second gap

mitosis and cytokinesis

substitutes for G1 for cells postponing division or never dividing again

G1, S, G2

stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions, 46 chromosomes

Chromosome is replicated to form Sister chromatids

the cell synthesizes proteins for cell division

mitosis and cytokinesis

Separation of sister chromatids

division of the cytoplasm

advancing cells through phases of cell cycle

critical point in cell cycle that is regulated

G1, G2, Metaphase

sensors that determine if the cell is in proper condition to divide

Determines if conditions are favorable for cell division by sensing DNA damage

Ensures that all DNA is replicated and monitors proteins needed to advance to M

cell monitors spindle formation and attachment to kinetochores

produces two daughter cells from an original somatic cell, asexual reproduction

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

a football-shaped structure of microtubules that guides the separation of the two sets of daughter chromosomes

Joined sister chromatids formed and nuclear membrane disassociates

Nuclear envelope breaks down and Miotic spindle is formed

Pairs of sister chromatids are aligned along a plane halfway b/t poles called the metaphase plate

the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles

chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.

cell plate forms

Actin helps the cleavage furrow form

The process by which haploid cells are produced from a cell that was originally a diploid

two

Homologous pairs of sister chromatids associate with each other through synapsis

proteins that hold together homologous chromosomes

Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.

arms of the chromosomes tend to separate but remain adhered at a crossover site

prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1 and cytokinesis

Crossing over occurs

spindles attach to kinetochores on chromosomes

Paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

2^n n= # of chromosome per set

Homologous chromosomes separate

A nuclear membrane forms around each cluster of chromosomes on each pole

two haploid cells, with no pairs of homologous change

sister chromatids separate. However it is done during anaphase II

requires fertilization event in which two haploid gametes unite to create a diploid cell called a zygote

A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.

It costs energy

genetic variation

Mostly animal species and are specialized cells

Many fungi and some protists

The acquisition of traits by their transmission from parents to offspring

1700s hypothesis that suggested genetic material of two parents blended together in offspring

19th century hypothesis that determined hereditary traits are transmitted in discrete units or particles from one generation to the next

Priest that experimented with pea plant characters and traits

Genetic variation, self fertilization, hybridization

General features of an organism

Identifiable characteristic of an organism

fertilization in which both female and male gamete come from the same plant

Exhibition of the same trait over several generations of self fertilization

1. Pollen from one plant is placed on the stigma of flower from a different plant
2. Prying open an immature flower and removing stamens
3. Take pollen from another flower's stamens and place on the stigma

Crossing with respect to a single trait

true-breeding parents

offspring of the P generation, mono hybrids if parents differ in one trait

offspring of the F1 generation, recessive trait appears.

P gen: crossed tall and dwarf plants
F1 gen: all were tall
F2 gen: dwarf trait appeared. 3/4 plants were tall, 1/4 plants were dwarf

Displayed in hybrids

Genes

Different forms of a gene

Alleles separate and move into different haploid gamete sex cells

Allen's of the same gene separate during game formation

1

The genetic composition of an individual

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait

physical characteristics of an organism

a cross in which an experimenter follows the outcome of two different traits

Two genes are liked or two gene are independent

Variants found together in parents that are always inherited as a unit. Produces YR or yr gametes

Variants are randomly distributed, produces YR, Yr, yR, or yr gametes

F1: dihybrid offspring
F2: hybrids with independent assortment

Alleles of different genes sort independently of each other during the process that gives rise to gametes

Allele of two genes located near each other on the same chromosome do not assort independently

DNA

chromosomes

From parent to offspring and cell to cell

Independently

the physical location of a gene on a chromosome

The chance that an event will have a particular outcome

The probability that two or more independent events will occur is equal to the product of their individual probabilities

Males XY and females XY

Females XX and Males X or XO

Males ZZ and females ZW

trait controlled by a gene located on the X chromosome

hemizygous

one trait is completely dominant over the other

The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects.

heterozygous phenotype that is a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes

A condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed

Provides nutrients and energy to carry out the plan

phenotype range that individuals with a particular genotype exhibit under differing environmental conditions

clearly defined phenotypic variants

traits that show continuous variation (most traits, i.e.: height, intelligence, athleticism)

multiple genes contribute to phenotype