BIO 152 EXam 1

a group of individuals of the same species living in the same geographic area

Different forms of a gene

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

genetic makeup of an organism

any inherited charateristic that increases an organisms chance of survival

a measure of the ability to survive and reproduce relative to other members of the population

natural selection

It depends on the environment and others in the population

Traits that enhance an organisms odds of surviving and passing on its genes

Protects against uv radiation and prevents folate from breaking down

Absorbing calcium for the bones and immune system

a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding.

the study of genetic variation within and between groups of organisms

genetic variation

the genetic process by which one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome during reproductive cell division

A mutation that occurs in the body cells. Cannot be inherited.

a mutation occurring in gametes; passed on to offspring

Neutral, deleterious, and advantageous

Mutations that have little to no effect

Occur in protein coding regions of the genome and causes harmful effects

Genetic changes that improve their carriers' chances of survival or reproduction.

The proportion among all alleles in a gene in a population that consists of a specified allele

When a population exhibits only one allele of a particular gene

The proportion in a population of each genotype at a particular gene or set of genes

Observable traits, gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing

Traits are encoded by a large # of genes and phenotype is a product of both the genotype and environment

Detect single-gene variation

Calculate allele frequencies

any genetic difference among individuals that is present in multiple individuals in a population

Change in the frequency of an allele or genotype from one generation to the next

Describes when evolution does not occur

1. No difference in the survival & reproductive success of individuals w/ different genotypes
2. The population is large enough to prevent sampling errors
3. Populations are not added to or subtracted from by migration
4. There is no mutation
5.individuals mate at random

Mating between individuals where the choice of partner is not influenced by the genotypes

Natural Selection, genetic drift, migration, mutation/ recombination, or non random mating

A well-tested explanation for a wide range of observations or experimental results.

Rapid burst of speciation

Discovered natural selection simultaneously as Darwin but published his findings later

the random change in allele frequency in a population

bottleneck and founder effect

A population that was large but then reduced due to a catastrophic event

Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new population whose gene pool composition is not reflective of that of the original population.

Genetic drift

Adaptation

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

Small populations

Goal oriented

A typo of natural selection that leads to traits the opposite sex find more attractive

Inbreeding or outbreeding

No, evolution is not perfect

the ability of bacteria to withstand the effects of an antibiotic

Weaken selective pressure( only use when needed), use a stronger attack( right dosage), and multiple selection pressures

Traits that result in separate categories. Ex: small or big

Traits that have many intermediates Ex: human height

directional, stabilizing, disruptive

Selects for one extreme, moves average in one direction

selects against the extremes

selects for the two extremes of the population; selects against the middle

The fundamental evolutionary unit

Group of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from the other groups

members of the same species usually look alike

A species is a population, or group of populations, in which evolutionary processes are acting independently

Formation of new species

occur before the formation of the zygote or fertilized egg

Behavioral(Courtship), physical(anatomy), time(different seasons), or space(Different habitat)

The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.

The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area

When species hybridize and become separate from both parent species

Absence or presence

Barriers after a zygote is produced (reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown), inviable, sterile

dispersal and vicariance

Movement of individuals away from centers of high population density or their area of origin.

the physical splitting of a habitat

change from the body form of a common ancestor due to strong selection

Mutation affects the timing of flower blooming

Any officially named group of organisms

The scientific study of how living things are classified

the analysis of evolutionary, or ancestral, relationships between taxa

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Evolutionary history of a species

Revolutionary relatedness not the order

taxa that are still alive

the closest relatives of another given unit in an evolutionary tree

A taxonomic grouping that includes only a single ancestor and all of its descendants.

Clade

composed of some but not all members descending from a common ancestor

a group that doesn't share a common ancestor

Refers to traits that are shared and inherited

Superficial similarity, not inherited from a common ancestor Ex: bats and bird both have wings but are not from the same common ancestor.

Similar traits, devloped individually (i.e. bipedalism in humans v. chickens), another term for analogous traits

more than two branches from a single node

Taxon

Species

- abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
- polymerization
-self forming lipid bilateral
-self replication of molecules

a chemical process that combines several monomers to form a polymer or polymeric compound

-4.6 bya Origin of Earth
- 4.3-3.5 bya first prokaryotes
-2.7 bya oxygen accumulation
-2.7-2.1 bya 1st eukaryotes
-1.5 bya multicellular Eukaryotes
-~ 1.5 bya small algae
-640 mya first animals
-~ 540 mya Cambrian explosion
-500mya 1st true plants
- 215-65mya non avian dinos
-70-80mya primates
-5-7mya first humans

The evolution of photosynthesis and aerobic respiration

Requires oxygen

does not require oxygen

The ability for organisms to acquire more ATP which lead to more energy

a theory that states that certain kinds of prokaryotes began living inside of larger cells and evolved into the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes

The rapid diversification of multicellular animal life around the beginning of the Cambrian Period, resulting in the appearance of almost all modern animal phyla.

The dinosaur extinction that occurred when a large meteor hit the earth.

Bacteria and Archaea

unicellular and sometimes colonial

One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Bacteria.

- different lipid in membranes
-type of RNA polymerase and ribosomes
- live in variety of habitats

Nutrient cycling, transforming molecules, and digestion

prokaryotes that use inorganic chemicals as their energy source. EX: bacteria

Organisms that use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances. EX: algae

An organism that must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon. EX: protists

Use light but get carbon from other organisms EX: bacteria

The smaller participant in a symbiotic relationship, living in or on the host.

Prokaryotes that synthesize methane from carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas

Multicellular organisms EX: hydra

Algae and Protozoa

photosynthetic protists Ex: kelp

Chemoheterotrophic protists Ex ameba

Foundation

a relationship between two or more organisms for a long time

Coral, kelp forests, termites

Highly developed mechanisms, 3 dimensional bod, specialized structures for cell to cell communication

Specialization, meaning not all cells have to do everything, better performance of one or a couple of things

Gap junctions

Plasmodesmata

Chemical and electrical signals

Diffusion

Bulk flow

Movement of molecules due to pressure differences allowing transport at rates beyond diffusion EX: circulatory system, vascular system

protists

plants, animals, fungi

Photoheterotrophs

Double membranes, circular dna, and reproduce through binary fission

Viruses, dead bacteria, and linking to other prokaryotes

Photosynthetic, cell walls of cellulose, cuticle. Pollen(n), spores, apical meristems, and totipotent cells

A layer on the above ground portion of the plant

The bud of a plant, where plant cells are formed

Stem cells with the potential to differentiate into any type of cell.

Heterotrophic, collagen as structural protein, self powered mvmt, have nerves and muscles, and have a blastula as a development stage

arthropods

Have hyphae, heterotrophs, cell walls of chitin, 2 phases of fertilization, fruiting bodies, and apical growth.

The branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi

yeast

Have nuclei

Have pores

Mitotic cell division, cell expansion, cell differentiation

No stopping point, adult size relies on resource availability EX: plant, fungi, fish

stop growing after reaching a certain size

Apical meristems have totipotent cells and have modular growth

Apical growth: tip grows longer but not wider, loosely arranged mycelium

Mvmt of cells during development

Their cell walls restrict moment

Shoots and roots

roots, stems, leaves, flowers

tissue of the plant that makes up the waxy outer layer of the plant

tissue system that makes up the majority of a plant

Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body.

4 main tissue types, 2 or 3 germ layers, fate of first pore

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Packed tightly, boundary between individual and environment

Four structural support, made of Extracellular matrix

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Ecological relationship between the mycelium of a fungus and the roots of certain plants

A shared, derived trait found in two or more taxa that is present in their most recent common ancestor

Process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other

A lineage undergoes a relatively quick series of speciation events due to the influence of natural selection

Monophyletoc

Species that can survive in extreme environments

Enclose their DNA in a membrane bound nucleus