1Define Psychology
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
2The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Define Psychology
3Steps in the scientific process
1. Formulate hypothesis; 2. Design & collect data; 3. Analyze & conclude.
41. Formulate hypothesis; 2. Design & collect data; 3. Analyze & conclude.
Steps in the scientific process
5Descriptive research methods
Case studies, naturalistic observation, surveys; describe but cannot prove causation.
6Case studies, naturalistic observation, surveys; describe but cannot prove causation.
Descriptive research methods
7Correlational research
Measures relationship between variables; correlation does not equal causation.
8Measures relationship between variables; correlation does not equal causation.
Correlational research
9Experimental research
Manipulates independent variable, measures dependent variable; allows causal inference.
10Manipulates independent variable, measures dependent variable; allows causal inference.
Experimental research
11APA Ethical Standards
Informed consent, confidentiality, beneficence, right to withdraw, debriefing after deception.
12Informed consent, confidentiality, beneficence, right to withdraw, debriefing after deception.
APA Ethical Standards
13Divisions of Nervous System
CNS (brain + spinal cord); PNS (somatic, autonomic). Autonomic: sympathetic (fight/flight), parasympathetic (rest/digest).
14CNS (brain + spinal cord); PNS (somatic, autonomic). Autonomic: sympathetic (fight/flight), parasympathetic (rest/digest).
Divisions of Nervous System
15Neuron structure
Dendrites (receive), Soma, Axon, Myelin sheath, Axon terminals (release NTs), Synapse.
16Dendrites (receive), Soma, Axon, Myelin sheath, Axon terminals (release NTs), Synapse.
Neuron structure
17Acetylcholine (ACh)
Muscle action, memory.
18Muscle action, memory.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
19Dopamine
Reward, movement; imbalance linked to Parkinson’s and schizophrenia.
20Reward, movement; imbalance linked to Parkinson’s and schizophrenia.
Dopamine
21Serotonin
Mood, sleep, appetite; low levels linked to depression.
22Mood, sleep, appetite; low levels linked to depression.
Serotonin
23Norepinephrine
Arousal, alertness.
24Arousal, alertness.
Norepinephrine
25GABA
Main inhibitory neurotransmitter; calming effect.
26Main inhibitory neurotransmitter; calming effect.
GABA
27Glutamate
Main excitatory neurotransmitter; learning and memory.
28Main excitatory neurotransmitter; learning and memory.
Glutamate
29Endorphins
Pain relief, euphoria.
30Pain relief, euphoria.
Endorphins
31Brainstem
Medulla (vital functions), Pons (sleep), Reticular formation (arousal).
32Medulla (vital functions), Pons (sleep), Reticular formation (arousal).
Brainstem
33Cerebellum
Balance, coordination, procedural learning.
34Balance, coordination, procedural learning.
Cerebellum
35Limbic system
Amygdala (fear/emotion), Hippocampus (memory), Hypothalamus (homeostasis/drives).
36Amygdala (fear/emotion), Hippocampus (memory), Hypothalamus (homeostasis/drives).
Limbic system
37Thalamus
Sensory relay center.
38Sensory relay center.
Thalamus
39Basal ganglia
Movement and habits.
40Movement and habits.
Basal ganglia
41Frontal lobe
Executive function, motor control, Broca’s speech area.
42Executive function, motor control, Broca’s speech area.
Frontal lobe
43Parietal lobe
Somatosensory processing, spatial awareness.
44Somatosensory processing, spatial awareness.
Parietal lobe
45Temporal lobe
Hearing, Wernicke’s language comprehension.
46Hearing, Wernicke’s language comprehension.
Temporal lobe
47Occipital lobe
Vision processing.
48Vision processing.
Occipital lobe
49Neuroplasticity
Brain’s ability to change structure/function with experience across lifespan.
50Brain’s ability to change structure/function with experience across lifespan.
Neuroplasticity
51Sleep stages
NREM1 (light), NREM2 (spindles), NREM3 (deep/slow-wave), REM (dreams, atonia).
52NREM1 (light), NREM2 (spindles), NREM3 (deep/slow-wave), REM (dreams, atonia).
Sleep stages
53Functions of sleep
Restoration, memory consolidation, emotion regulation.
54Restoration, memory consolidation, emotion regulation.
Functions of sleep
55Insomnia
Difficulty falling or staying asleep.
56Difficulty falling or staying asleep.
Insomnia
57Narcolepsy
Sudden REM attacks, cataplexy.
58Sudden REM attacks, cataplexy.
Narcolepsy
59Sleep apnea
Breathing stops repeatedly during sleep.
60Breathing stops repeatedly during sleep.
Sleep apnea
61Parasomnias
Night terrors, sleepwalking (NREM).
62Night terrors, sleepwalking (NREM).
Parasomnias
63REM behavior disorder
Acting out dreams due to missing paralysis.
64Acting out dreams due to missing paralysis.
REM behavior disorder
65Classical conditioning (Pavlov)
Learning by associating stimuli (US, UR, CS, CR).
66Learning by associating stimuli (US, UR, CS, CR).
Classical conditioning (Pavlov)
67Acquisition
Phase where CS–CR association is learned.
68Phase where CS–CR association is learned.
Acquisition
69Extinction
CR decreases when CS presented without US.
70CR decreases when CS presented without US.
Extinction
71Spontaneous recovery
Reappearance of CR after rest period.
72Reappearance of CR after rest period.
Spontaneous recovery
73Phobia
Irrational fear often acquired by conditioning.
74Irrational fear often acquired by conditioning.
Phobia
75Operant conditioning (Skinner)
Behavior influenced by consequences.
76Behavior influenced by consequences.
Operant conditioning (Skinner)
77Reinforcement
Increases behavior (Positive = add pleasant; Negative = remove unpleasant).
78Increases behavior (Positive = add pleasant; Negative = remove unpleasant).
Reinforcement
79Punishment
Decreases behavior (Positive = add unpleasant; Negative = remove pleasant).
80Decreases behavior (Positive = add unpleasant; Negative = remove pleasant).
Punishment
81Behavior modification
Use of reinforcement/shaping to change behavior.
82Use of reinforcement/shaping to change behavior.
Behavior modification
83Observational learning
Learning by watching others (Bandura).
84Learning by watching others (Bandura).
Observational learning
85Bobo doll experiment
Children imitated aggression after observing models rewarded.
86Children imitated aggression after observing models rewarded.
Bobo doll experiment
87Modeling
Imitating another’s behavior.
88Imitating another’s behavior.
Modeling
89Vicarious reinforcement
Seeing a model rewarded increases imitation.
90Seeing a model rewarded increases imitation.
Vicarious reinforcement
91Vicarious punishment
Seeing a model punished decreases imitation.
92Seeing a model punished decreases imitation.
Vicarious punishment