dendrology final exam

needle or scales
cone bearing
naked seeds (not enclosed in an ovary - within a fruit)
mainly evergreen
conifers

flowering plants, seeds inclosed in an ovary
wide flat leaves
shed leaves in fall
decidious

the tip or distal end of a leaf

the outer edge of a leaf blade

the central or main vein in a leaf

the axis bearing leaflets of a compound leaf

the flat or expanded part of the leaf

the leaf stalk

one blade per petiole

lateral bud located at the base of a leaf petiole and the stem

an individual blade of a compound leaf

leaflet stalk

a leaf with two or more leaflets attatched at a common rachis

leaflets arranged laterally along a common rachis, odd pinate or even pinate

three or more leaflets radiating from a central point

compound leaf with three leaflets

secondary veins paired oppsitely (oak leaf)

several primary veins diverging from one point (maple leaf)

veins fork symmetrically in pairs (ginko)

secondary veins bending towards apex, curved like a bow

smaller veins forming a network

veins arrange axially not intersection

long and narrow

twice as long as broad, widest at middle and rounded on both ends

longer than broad, rectangular; sides almost parallel

egg shaped, broadest below the middle like an oval

inversely ovate, broadest above the middle

triangular

heart shaped base

much longer than wide, broadest below middle and tapering to the apex

football shaped, broadest at middle narrower at each ends

smooth without teeth or lobes

wavy

saw toothed, the teeth pointing towards the apex or tip

serrate leaf margin where primary teeth support another set of secondary smaller teeth

rounded teeth

margin teeth whose apixes are perpindicular to the margin and do not point forwards towards the apex

a segmented leaf having pointed or rounded extensions seperated by the sinuses that do not extend more than halfway to the midrib

the space or indentation between the lobes of a leaf blade

wedge shaped

rounded

heart-shaped <3

sqaured or cut off

asymmetrical, unequally sided

slightly pointed. margins meet at less than 90 degree angle

gradually tapering to a sharp point

sharply pointed, "little bristle poking out"

squared or abrubtly cut off

rounded, margins meet at greater than 90 degree angle

wrinkles

waxy film

without hairs of any kind

with a hairy surface

covered in a short, soft matted woolly hairs

leaf hairs, appear as gray o white pubsescence and reflect light, lower tissue temperature, reduce water loss and deter insect injury

First word capitilized, second word isn't

hyphens in common names means it is not a true species, ie douglas-fir and honey-locust

latin, sometimes anient greek some celtic. if there is no latin term for the name, it becomes "latinized"

is broad, always ends in "aceae" - ie aceracea

groups of species with more in common than others - ie acer

group of plants with same characteristics, most important unit in classification, able to breed and produce similar offspring
- ie saccharum

cross polination of 2 different species creating a new one
hybrids are identified by an "X" in scientific name
ie - Carolina Poplar --> Populus X canandensis

cross polinated between same genus
more common,
ie Plantanus x acerifolia
London Planetree
the X is placed between generic name and specific epithet

cross polinated between different genus
most common in fruit trees
ie X Cupressocyparis leyandii
Leyland Cypress
the X is placed before the scientific name

varient of species with distinct different, occurs naturally
ie the thornless honey-locust
variety recognized by "var." or "spp." and variety name italicized after scientific name

variety of species with distinct differences vultivated in a controlled setting like a nursery
cultivar recognized by name in 'single quotes' after scientific name, not italicized
ie - Crimson King Maple: Acer platanoides 'Crimson King'

nurseries trademark and copyright their trees often names have TM or R on the end to indicate there is a sole right to the tree

centre of the stem, starting point of the tree, cells are different and look different than the rest of the twig sometimes

scales on buds that cover next years foliage,
different species have consistent scale patterns

when leaf falls, it leaves a scar on the twig
scars are unique to species
shows the vein pattern of the vascular system

short and stubby side branches, result from short internodes

small protrusions along base of the petiole at twig attatchment

round (globular)
oval - full crown, typical narrow tall canopy
columnar - 'fastigate' very narrow, upright, ideal for spaces where tree cannot grow wide
vase
pyrimidal
pendular (weeping)

reaction that occurs in the green part of plants, the reaction creates 'food' energy for the plant

found in chloroplasts, pigment gives foliage the freen colour
in the fall chlrophyll levls wane due to
cooler temps,
shorter dys,
less sunlight
reduces amt of nitrogen and phosphorus that reaches the leaves and twigs

responsible for yellow and oranges
(responsible for yellow in:
maples
sycamores
aspens
birches
hickories)

pigment responsible for foliage appearing red to purple
theories as to why this is
trapped sugars
insect deterrant
sunscreen for chlorophyl

found in cell sap
water soluable

responsible for brown colouring
always present in foliage but not revealed until chlorophyl and carotenoids levels decline

warm wet seasons,
cool nights no frost
warm sunny fall days

warm autumn temps
spring/summer drought
early frost
rainy/overcast days

initiated by pollen

1. flower bud development
2. flowering
3. pollination
4. fertilization
5. dormany
6. stratification

buds set year before they flower
vegetative meristems develop + produce reproductive meristems which grow into flower buds

growing degree days
stress

influenced by photoperiods
will blossom at different times + places within same city
influenced by south side of bildings than north side

short day plants (long nights)
long day plants (short nights)

complete (all parts)
or
incomplete (missing one or more parts)

female + male flowering parts located in the same flower

male and female flowers on same tree but NOT in same flower

male and female flowers on seperate trees

perfect flowers, male and female flowers all found on the same tree

two male gametes enter the pistillate
one combines with female gamate to form zygote
after fertilization it becomes an embryo
the second male gamete combines with 2 polar nuclei to form the endosperm stored starch

angiosperms form from ovules within an ovary
fruit is ripened/mature ovary

gymnospersms seeds form from ovules within cones
cones do not have ovaries

growing point of seed
develops roots, shoots and leaves

food reserve
serves as a cushion for embryo
protects from physical damage and temperature extremes

seed coat
protects embryo with hard exterior shell

seed leaf (cotyledon) may appear first - epigeal germination
may remain below ground - hypogeal grmination

not until dormancy breaks

process seeds goes through to come out of dormancy

uptake in moisture
exposure to chilling/thawing
aeration
time

seed
pericarp

dry inhedescent
dry dehiscent
fleshy

pericarp dry and hard
fruit does not split at maturity
achene, nut, nutlet and samara

pericarp dry, hard and woody appearence
fruit splits open at maturity, seed is shed
follicles, legumes and capsules

pericarp, accessory parts develop into succulent tissue
berry, drupe and pome

achene - attatched at only 1 place on pericarp
platanus contaings multiple achenes

nut is one seeded with hard woody pod (pericarp)

same as nut only smaller

samara - 1 seeded with a wing
schizocarp - split into 2 halves

follicles: split open 1 seam, exposing many seeds

legume/ pod open along 2 seams exposing many seeds

capsule: splits on 2 or more seeds exposing 1 to some seeds

berry is entirely fleshy, many seeds

fleshy fruit with a stony pit

fleshy fruit with interior seeds seperated by a papery wall (core)

compound fruit formed into 1 flower

compound fruit formed from many flowers

seeds are mature ovules
held netween bracts, not in ovary

species lacking cones
contain 1 -2 ovules on stalks
seed matures and is partly or entirely contained in aril, fleshy covering

wind
animals
water
expulsion (bursting)
humans
fire (serotinous cones)

asexual reproduction
vegetative propogation
cloning
trees grown not from seed

1. intent of clone production
2.. reproduce seeds with low viability
3. way to reproduce sterile hybrids
4. faster method of growing landscape trees
5. trees display fruit or flowers earlier
6. flexibility in planting options
7. improve winter hardiness
8. resistance to disease
9. improve structure/form
10/ increased yield of flowers and fruit
11. public/market perception and demand

exact clone of plants
relatively inexpensive
avoid incompaitibility issues with grafting

cut in winter when dormant
not just decidious, refers to timing of seasons when cut
collected once cuttings have hardened off

new, upright vigirous growth from top of tree

softwood means timing and condition of stem
active growing/emerging shoots of trees and shrubs
tissue is soft and not fully developed

requires root stock (seedling)
a scion (cutting) is taken from desired species
successfully grafted offspring reffered to as a ramet

cambiums are fit together
simplest forms of grafting

healthy bud is cut from scion

pieces of young roots taken from close to main stem
planted in course planting medium
taken while dormant

root contacts mineral soil and roots establish
branch is bent + contacts soil
roots establish, new plant established