15 Reasons to Prune your trees
1. Training - remove poor branches to improve structure for future growth 2. Health - remove dead and diseased limbs. 3. Appearance - aesthetics 4. Control size - right tree in the right site 5. Influence flowering and fruiting
2When should you prune your trees
Late winter for maximum growth. Just after spring flush to slow growth.
3when should you prune your trees for maximum growth?
late winter
4when should you prune your trees for slow growth?
just after spring flush
5What does Retrenhment Maintenance Pruning do?
Reduces canopy size.
Imitates trees natural dieback and aging process
Is biomechanics driven
Is not very common, used in effort to preserve old trees at risk of failure.
Highly specialized, not an everyday pruning technique
6In refrence to pruning, what is Crown Cleaning?
Pruning that removes
Dead,
Dying,
Diseased
and Weak branches
(No longer used in American National Standards)
7What is Crown Thinning?
Selective Removal of branches
Increases light penetration
Increases air movement
Reduces Weight
8What is Elevation Pruning?
Removl of lower branches to provide clearence
9What is Crown Restoration?
Improves structure, form and appearance
Used in trees that have been topped, vandalized or storm damaged
10Trees that have tried to recover from storm damage or topping often result in:
Suckering,
co dominant stems
and weak branch attatchments
11What is crown reduction?
Reduces the height of crown through subordination.
Cuts made at an appropriate location (think of trees living under hydro wires)
** Slow growth, still not a great solution
12What is Pollarding?
Controls size
Reduction and heading cuts are used
Long term commitment, begins at a young age
(Very old method, used most commonly in Europe)
13What is the 3 cut pruning method?
First cut is relief cut, -- or under cut -- so the weight of the limb does not tear as it is cut.
Second cut - made distance of the limb diamater away from the under cut. Cut breaks libm cleanly from the tree without it tearing.
Third cut - The final cut. The critical pruning cut as it is the finishing cut. Locate the branch bark ridge and cut on an angle, following the branch collar.
14How many horizons are in a natural soil profile?
4 major horizons
15What are the major horizons in a natural soil profile?
1. LFH (Organic layer)
2. Horizons A (topsoil)
3. Horizon B (subsoil)
4. Horizon C (parent material)
16What is the process of making natural soils?
1. Mineral soil is formed by natural weathering processes
2. Litter accumulates and decays into the soil
3. Continuous organic layer insulates the soil
4. High level of microorganism diverisity and activity
5. Gradual changes in density and porosity.
---> favourable for water movement and storage
6. Existing root channels serve as pathways for root penetration, water and air movement
17Urban Soils compared to natural soils
1. Intensely modified by human activity
2. Organic material removed (limits micro-organism activity, some elements within soil may remained locked or unusable)
3. Abrubt changes in density and porosity.
(Water movement reduced, holding capacity limitied, aeration limited, and results in compacted soil where roots cannot penetrate or grow)
4. Anthropogenic (human made) contaminates present
5. The loss of natural soils
18How to remediate urban soils?
1. Topsoil
2, Modify existing soils with techniques such as fertilizing, draining, irrigation and amendments
3. Deisgn soils
4. Increase amount of organic matter
5. Encourage biological components.
19Heritage trees provide and trees in society provide a lot of benefits. Some of them being
Symbolism
Identity
Community
and Family
20What is a heritage tree?
Heritage - that which is or may be inherited by individuals or communities and passed onto its successors.
21How are some heritage trees proctected in Ontario?
Municipal law
Provincial Protection
22What are some legal acts that protect our heritage trees?
Ontario Heritage Act
The Planning Act
and Municpal Laws
Federal Protection
23How does the absence of organic layer covering soil affect microorganisms living in soil?
Micro organisms may bake in soil not protected by an organic layer because the sun's heat can make the soil temperature too hot.
They may also freeze in soil because frost can penetrate deeper and more intensly in bare exposed soil
24Why is a top soil more prone to compaction?
The soils structure is destroyed.
Once soil is screened there is no pattern to the soil, it is consistent and therefore more prone to compaction after settling.
25What is meristematic tissue capable of doing?
It is undifferentiated which means the tissue can specialize to develop and grow as leaf, flower, bud etc. or whatever is required by the tree
26What specialized form of cell division develops sex cells in plants?
Meiosis
27In plants, what are the fertilization cells called?
Gametes
28How many male fertilization cells required for fertilization of an embryo to properly develop a seed?
2 gametes are required
29
If roots are severed during construction, how can t he damage be reversed?
Once the roots are severed the damage cannot be reversed.
30Why do trees injured or killed during construction often go unnoticed?
It may take years before a stressed tree shows its symptoms.
31Name 3 characterizations of "old growth" trees
1. Shows little evidence of human disturbance
2.Associations of plant, animal and ecological processes
3. The presence of old trees
32What were considered the first road signs in north america?
Trail market trees
33What % of tree decline and morality in urban areas can be linked to soil and construction problems?
80%
34For landscaping interests, what is a reason of growing trees from vegetative cuttings?
Every individual tree will be an exact clone of the parent tree, therefore having exact DNA and physical features
35In grafting, what type of cutting is most delicate and requires the most rapid care after it has been cut as a scion?
A softwood cutting. Soft tissue cutting must be kept moist and hydrated constantly.
36What is used to determine proper tree planting depth?
The root flare. Ensure it is level or slightly higher than grade.
37What is a proper method of mulching a new planting?
The donut method.
38Soil has 4 components required. What are they?
Air, Water, Organic Matter and Minerals.
39What % are the 4 comoponents required for Idealized Soil?
25% Air
25% Water
5% Organic Matter
45% Minerals
40Soil structure is destroyed by displacement through what factors?
Stripping, handling, dumping, storing and spreading
41What are 4 issues of unstructured soil? l
Easily compacted
Lacks macro and micro pores
Diminishes root penetration
Decreases water and gas movement
42What are benefits of Wood Salvage for urban timber?
al
Added Value
A lot of money to just haul, mulch and dump
Environmental
Carbon sequestration
43What are some challenges to harvesting urban timber?
Time - tree companies are set up for production
Access to location
Hardware - majority located in trunk from knees to arm's length
44When pruning young trees, it is important to train for a dominant leader and well-spaced scaffold branches to that
- future pruning can be minimized
- Tree will be structurally strong
- codominant branching can be avoided
- all of the above
45To prune trees that flower on the previous year's growth and maxamize flowering, you should prune
- any time during the dormant season
- shortly after flowering
- in late summer after seed formation
- in the fall, just after leaf drop
46when pruning a branch from a tree, the final cut should be
- flush with the parent stem
- at a 45 degree angle to the parent stem
- parallel to the branch bark ridge
- just outside the branch collar
47when it comes to pruning, as a rule, mature trees are
- more tolerant of extremes than young trees
- capable of tolerating heading
- not tolerant of severe pruning
- unlikely to produce watersprouts
48If the height of a tree must be reduces,
- branches should be removed at their point of origin, or to a lateral large enough to assume the terminal role
- all cuts should be made at internoded to avoid cutting through buds
- the tree should be root pruned to compensate for foilage loss
- all of the above
49the swollen area at the base of a branch where it arises from the trunk is called _______
branch collar
50_____ _____ is bark that gets pushed inside the branch union as two branches frow and develop
included bark
51 to maxamize flowering, plants that bloom on current seasons wood should be pruned prior to what?
leaf emergence
52trees that bleed should never be pruned in the early spring because doing so is likely to cause a major decline in vigor
53in the absence of included bark, the relative size of a branch in relation to the trunk is more important for strength of branch attatchment than it is the angle of attatchment
54trees are generally available from the nursery in one of four forms
1. balled and burlapped
2. bare root
3. container grown
4. containerized
55______ ______ can become a problem because they can constrict the vascular system in the trunk or in other roots
girlding roots
56staking or guying when planting a tree is
- done only for bare root trees
- not necessary for trees greater than 6 inches or 15cm in diamater
- not always required or necessary
- for promoting a larger and stronger root system and better trunk taper
57the majority of the fine, absorbing roots of a tree are located in what horizons?
organic and and topsoil horizons
O and A
58what are soil aggregates?
group of soil particles that bind to each other more strongly than to adjacent particles
59what is a TPZ?
Tree Protection Zone
60what are 5 ways that trees can be adversly affected by construction
1. root injury
2. soil compaction
3. injurty to trunk or branches
4. grade change
5. excavation or severing root system
61when soils are compacted by construction equipment, trees usually decline because
- oxygen availabiliity is reduced
- the ability of the roots to asborb water and minerals decreases
- root growth and expansion may be diminished
- all of the above
62arborists should be involved early in the construction planing process because
- tree preservation measures should be in the specifications
- once construction has begun, it may be too late to save the trees
- there is little arborists can do to treat construction damage
- all of the above
63a measure that can be taken to minimize compaction on a construction site is
- watering the site thoroughly before equipment is brought in
- permanently raising the soil grade to protect the roots
- spreading a temporary, thick layer of mulch over the site
- root pruning the trees in advancd
64what is monoecious?
species that have seperate male and female flowers on the same tree
65what is dioecious?
species that have male and female flowers on different trees, they are gender specific trees.
66what is "perfect flowers" referring to on a tree?
flowers that have both male and female parts within the flower and are fertilized by pollen from their the same flower
often found on trees with showy flowers
67what is "polygamous flowers" referring to on a tree?
male flowers, female flowers and perfect flowers are all on the same tree
68what is subordination pruning
prune to reduce the size and ensuring growth of a branch in relation to the other branches or leaders
69Pendular form is known to look like
a weeping form
70A common issue in grafting is Reversion. What does that mean?
Genetic mutations
"jumping genes" recnnect and revert to regular conditions
it is most commonly found in variegated foilage
71A common issue in grafting is Epicormic Branching. What does that mean?
sucker growth belof the graft
carry same characterstics as root stock, not scion
72An example of a grafting issue, epicormic branching looks like?
crabapple with white flowers and pink flowers
weeping mulberry with an upright / tree form branch
73Considering the characteristics of seed-grown trees, which option best aligns with their typical attributes?
- seed grown trees often exhibit low genetic variability and produced in limited genotypes
- seed grown trees are usually individually crafted with specific genetic modifications
- seed grown trees undergo a lengthy production process, with a low turnover rate in nurseries
- seed grown trees display high genetic variability, with many genotypes, and are produced on mass to meet demand
74Considering the characteristics of vegetatively grown trees, which option best describes their typical attributes?
- often exhibit high genetic variability and diverse genotypes
- usually individually crafted and produce with specific geneic modifications
- display low genetic variation, producing trees with similar traits that match demand for ornamental reason. commony propgated through grafting or cuttings and ready to sell faster although spend more time in nursery
- undergo lengthy production processes with low turnover rate in nurseries
75Name 6 methods of vegetative reproduction
Hardwood cuttings
Softwood cuttings
root cuttings
Layering
Budding
Grafting
76Seeds dispersed late in fall must go through period of what degree celsius?
0-5
77When are seeds considered dormant?
During the ripening
78What specalized form of cell division develops sex cells in plants?
Meiosis
79What forms when a male and female gamete fuse?
A zygote
80How many male gametes are required for fertilization of an embryo and to properly develop a seed?
2
81What are the stages of seed development?
1. Flowering
2. Polliniation
3. Fertilization
4. Dormancy
5. Stratification
82Meosis produces ovules and what?
Pollen
83What are some signs of construction damage to trees?
Twig Dieback
Thinning Crown
Epicormic Shoots
84What is the average lifespan of a tree in a cityscape dwelling?
7-11 years
85What do trees used that are found in parenchyma cells when roots are damaged or lost?
Stored energy
86What is important for nutrient absoption by tree roots?
Mycrorrihizae
87Runoff from masonry and concrete adds what two things?
Calcium and sodium carbonates
88After the soils PH has been modified which nutrients availibity is changed?
Phosphorus
89What does it mean when you buy a 2-1 tree grown from seed?
2 years in seed bed, 1 year transplated in an outdoor growing area