TreeSap Midterm

1) Root
2) Stem
3) Flowers
4) Fruit
5) Leaves

Young plant parts, recently formed by the shoot apical meristem, located at the tip of a shoot

Elongation of shoots and roots

Increased diameter of stems and roots

An unexpanded shoot or flower, may be: active, dormant or latent

A bud held in dormancy for more than one year by horomones originated from the terminal bud. Located just below the barks surface.

A cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that adds layers of secondary vascular tissue called secondary xylem(wood) and secondary phloem. Also an extermly active area in cell division.

Replaces the epidermis with periderm, which is thicher and tougher. Produces hard, corky material -- expands outward.

Downward movement of sugars
Thicker the phloem layer, more vigirous the tree
Phloem is located between cork and vascular cambiums
Is a very narrow band in relation to xylem

Transports water and nutrients up from ground to canopy
Stores reserves for times of stress
Support
Defense against spread of decay

Takes place in meristematic tissue, where active cell division will take place

Primary and Secondary growth

Sieve tubes and companion cells

Transfer sugar and nutrients from the top

Between the bark and the vascular cambium

Two growth rings: early wood (light) and late wood (dark)

Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees

Walls 1, 2 and 3

No

The outer portion of the xylem is sapwood, which contains living and non living cells.

Tylosis are balloon-like, cystalline swellings produces from starch-rich axial parenchyma cells that fill vessels of ring porous woody plants.

Phloem cells that surrounds and supports sieve tube elements

Sieve Tubes
Companion Cells
Cambium
Rays
Parenchyma

Outer Bark
Fibers
Mature Vessel Elements

Father of "modern arboriculture"
Developed CODIT model

The central part where 1st years growth began

A dynamic tree defence process forming boundaries that resist the spread of pathogens.

Subdivisions of space

Resists vertical spread of decay by plugging xyelm cells. Weakest wall and most likely to fail.

Resists inward spread of decay by the more compact late wood cells and by depositing chemicals in these cells. Formed by cells of the growth ring on the innser side of the wound. Slows spread of inward decay. Continuous until its interrupted by rays. Second weakest wall.

Composed of ray cells that limit lateral spreads of decay. Third weakest wall.

The strongest wall - consists of the new growth ring that forms after injury.

Consists of wall 4 in the next layer of wood to form after injury (new wood tissue,) protects against the outward spread of decay.

Heartwood is chemically altered, non living wood that maintains a static state.

Cracks that radiate in many directions, away from the point of fracture. One or more secondary cracks are radial cracks.

In scientific naming of trees, the X is an indication of interspecific hbyrid.

Bark that becomes embedded in a union, between branch and truck or between codominant stems. Causes a weak structure.

Forked stems nearly the same size in diameter, arising from a common junction and lacking a normal branch union.

Roots that grow around the truck of the tree, thus tending to strangle the tree. Restrics and cuts off the flow of water and nutrients.

Plant tissue found only in the tips of shoots and roots, responsible for plant growth

True

False -- no pores.

A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gamates and plant spores.

The seperation or delamanation occouring on wall 4

Risk assessment exposes you to greater liability. Training, experience and certifications are required.

1) Targets
2) Defects

Understanding what a tree can physically harm whether that's a parked car, a house, people, a structure etc.

The issue with the tree looking to be resolved in the terms of disease, decay and risk.

Management of naturally occuring and planted trees and associated plants in urban areas

Planting small plantations of fast-growing fuel wood trees and shrubs.

The cultibation of trees and shrubs

Occurs when trees take up carbon from CO2 in the armosphere and store it in the form of wood and other carbon-based tissues.

The process of water entering young roots of mychorrizhal roots

Roots and fungi form mycorrihaze which are a symbiotic relationship aiding in the uptake of water and minerals

Trees that lose their leaves in the fall

Trees that maintain their leaves for more than one year

Mostly located in the upper 12 inches of soil

Green pigment

Cell --> Tissue --> Organ

Cobra cable is a dynamic cable that allows tree movement. Steel is a static cable which allows for natural tree sway but in a controlled manner.

A tissue. Several cells are combined to form the tissue that is xylem.

Radial and axial parenchyma.

This type of parenchyma tissue runs parallel to the length of the organ or tissue it's found in, such as stems or roots. Axial parenchyma helps in the radial conduction of water and nutrients in plants.

Radial parenchyma tissue extends outward from the center of the organ or tissue, such as the pith or the vascular bundles. It helps in the lateral conduction of water and nutrients within the plant.

Anti-fungal enriched tissue allowing new tissue (wound wood) to grow next to the ininjured wood.

Wall 4 can be found in 2 differnent forms. Callus and woundwood.

Callus is undifferentiated wood. Can produce new wood, suckers etc. Less decay resistant, less specialized. It is the inital reaction (like a scab after a cut)

Mersitematic tissue has differntiated and now specializes as woundwood only producing this tissue. Reistant to decay.

Smaller pores, may or may not conduct tylosis. Gums and granular material may be used as altenate means.

Tracheids: Cells responsible for water transport and support.

Vessel elements: Cells forming tubes for efficient water conduction in flowering plants.

Parenchyma: Cells involved in storage and lateral water movement.

Fibers: Cells providing mechanical support to the plant.

Rays: Cells facilitating lateral transport of water and nutrients.