Tree Sap Final Exam 2.0

Training - remove poor brances to improve structure for future growth
Health - remove dead and diseased limbs
Appearence - Aesthetics
Control Size - right tree in the right site
Influence flowering and fruiting

Late winter

Just after spring flush

Reduces canopy size
Imitates trees natural dieback and aging process

Removes dead, dying, diseased and weak branches

Selective removal of branches
Increases light penetration
Increases air movement
Reduces weight

Removal of lower branches to provide clearence

Improves structure, form and appearence

Often used in trees that have been topped, vandalized or damaged in a storm

Suckering
Co-dominant stems
Weak branch attatchments

Reduces the height of a crown through subordination
Cuts made at an appropriate location (example - trees under hydro wires)

Controls size
Reduction and heading cuts are used
Long term commitment that begins at a young age

First cut is relief cut, so the weight of the limb does not tear out
Second cut is made a distance of the lmb diamater away from the under cut. Cut breaks limb cleanly from tree
Third cut is the final cut, located by the branch bark ridge and cut on an angle following the branch collar

4 major horizons

1. LFH (Organic layer)
2. Horizon A (topsoil)
3. Horizon B (subsoil)
4. Horizon C (parent material)

1. Mineral soil is formed by natural weathering processes
2. Litter accumulates and decays into the soil
3. Continuous organic layer insulates the soil
4. High level of microorganism diversity and activity
5. Gradual changes in density and porosity (favourable for water movement and storage)
6. Existing root channels serve as pathways for root penetration, water and air movement

Intensly modififed by human activity
Organic material is removed
Changes in density and prosity
Anthropohenic contaminates present
Microorganisms activity is limited
Water movement and storage restricted

Adding topsoil
Modify existing soils with techniques such as fertilizing, draining, irrigating and ammending
Increase amount of organic matter
Encourage biological components

Ontario Heritage Act
the Planning Act
Municpal Laws
Federal Protection

The suns heat can make the temperature too hot and bake the soil. It may also freeze as frost can penetrate deeper and more intensly in bare exposed soil.

The soils structure is destroyed. Once soil is screened there is no pattern left, it is consistent and therefore more prone to compaction after settling.

It is undifferentiated which means the tissue can specialize to develpo and grow as a leaf, glower, bud etc or whatever is required to by the tree

Meiosis

Gametes

2 gamates are required

Once the roots are severed the damage cannnot be reversed

It may take years before a stressed tree shows its symptoms

1. Shows little evidence of human distrubance
2. Associations of plant, animal and ecological processes
3. The presence of other old trees

Trail marker trees. They are often exhibit deformed and distinctive form and are bent

80%

Each individual tree will be an exact clone of the parent tree, therefore having exact DNA and physical features

A softwood cutting

Soft tissue cutting ust be kept moist and hydrated constantly

The root flare, ensure it is level or slightly higher than grade

Donut method

Air, water, organic matter and minerals

25% air
25% water
5% organic matter
45% minerals

Stripping, handling, dumping, storing and spreading

Easily compacted
Lacks micro and macro pores
Diminishes root penetration
Decreases water and gas movement

Added value
A lot of money to haul, mulch and dump
Environmental
Carbon sequestration

Time - many tree companies are just set up for production
Access to location
Hardware - a majority located in trunk from knee to arm's length

Future pruning can be minimized
Trees will be structurally strong
Codominant branching can be avoided

Shortly after flowering

False

Branches should be removed at their point of origin, or to a lateral large enough to assume the terminal role

Branch collar

Included bark

Leaf emergence

False

True

Balled and burlaped
Bare root
Container grown
Containerized

girdling roots

Promoting a larger and stronger root system and better trunk taper

O (organic) and A (topsoil)

group of soil particles that bing to each other more strongly than to adjacent particles

Tree Protection Zone

Root injury
Soil compaction
Injury to trunk or branches
Grade change
Excavation or severing of root system

Oxygen availability is reduced
The ability of the roots to absorb water and minerals decreases
Root growth and expansion may be diminished

Tree perservation measures should be in the specifications
Once construction has begun, it may be too late to save the trees
There is little arborists can do to treat construction damage

Spreading a temporary, thick layer of mulch over the site

Species that have seperate male and female flowers on the same tree

Species that have male and female flowers on different trees. They are gender specific trees.

Flowers that have both male and female parts within the flowers. They are fertilized by pollen on their same flower.

Male flowers, female flowers and perfect flowers all on the same tree

Prune to reduce the size and ensuring growth of a branch in relation to the other branches or leaders

A weeping form

Genetic mutation
"jumping genes" reconnect and revert to regular conditions
It is mostly common in variegated foillage

Sucker growth below the graft.
Carry same characteristics as root stock, not scion

Display high genetic variability
Many different genotypes
Produced on mass to meet demand

Display low genetic variation
Often used for ornamental reasons
Commonly propagated through grafting or cutting

Hardwood cuttings
Softwood cuttings
Root cuttings
Layers
Budding
Grafting

0-5 degrees

During the ripening

Meiosis

A zygote

2

1. Flowering
2. Pollination
3. Fertilization
4. Dormancy
5. Stratification

Pollen

Twig dieback
Thinning crown
Epicormic shoots

7-11 years

Stored energy

Mycorrihizae

Calcium and sodium carbonates

Phosphorus

2 years in a seed bed, 1 year transplanted to outdoor growing area. The tree is 3 years old.