midterm #1 studying

early civilizations that grew among a river (ancient egypt, mesopotamia, etc.

egyptian deity of the sun, pharaohs are the son of him, takes many forms

pharaoh god, god of the underworld, dismembered by brother set

the underworld, preservation of life, mummification

supreme ruler of egypt under the gods, the gods personified

domesticated animals are released onto large lands for grazing

an evolutionary process, involving taking and breeding with the knowledge of specific traits

a crescent shaped land mass, that was relatively fertile and attractive to early civilizations

beginning of western civilization, world’s earliest civilization

earliest known written language, inscribed on clay tablets

having human characteristics- in the context of the gods; comes from an animalistic being in the beginning (gods have both animal and human characteristics)

having animalistic characteristics- in the context of the gods

ancient mesopotamian goddess of war and love

oral and written odyssey telling the story of gilgamesh (king of uruk- first city)

law of babylon in ancient mesopotamia, 282 laws with varied punishments (depending upon social status), earliest form of law

leader of the gods in the enuma elish, defeats tiamat

babylonian creation myth telling of civil war chaos, gods interacting with people, creation

a wild man created by the god anu, fights with gilgamesh only to become friends, dies in epic of gilgamesh

survivor of massive flood, builds an ark with all animals, gives gilgamesh advice regarding immortality

first book of the hebrew bible, telling the story of creation

one of the models used to explain the origin and composition of the torah (5 books of moses)

underworld, floods, moral and ethical dilemmas

mythical tower built in babylonia, meant to represent the unity of people, wanted to reach the heavens,

hindu creation story, in the rig veda, creation of the caste system (varna system)

main religion of the indo-aryans, worship to the gods

compilation of sacred vedic texts (vedas), over 1000 hymns to the gods

language that took over the land, only priests are allowed to read and write

caste system created in the myth of purusha- people are created through different parts of his body (going downward)

finals texts in the vedic tradition, reaction to earlier stages, more philosophical, less ritualistics, rejection of need for priests

the transcendent being or reality that unites everything, a person’s innermost soul

hindu scripture, expressing the vedic concepts of dharma, each person should do their duty without expecting rewards

duty or rightful action

cycle of rebirth

freedom

large religious and cultural tradition, stemming from the vedic religion of india

indian religious and philosophical tradition, following the teachings of the buddha (a wandering teacher)

the buddha, a wandering teacher who shared life goals and philosophies among india

term coming from hinduism and buddhism, expressing that the decision one makes, affect their life later on

the individual whose teachings form the basis of the buddhist tradition

an old man, a sick man, a dead man, an ascetic monk- seeing these things makes the buddha realize the dissatifaction of continued existence (immortality)

dukkha (1rst truth- suffering), samudaya (2nd truth- the origin of suffering), nirodha (3rd truth- the end of suffering), magga (4th truth- the path to the end of suffering); central beliefs of buddhist teaching

a path to nirvana, through eight aspects (wheel of dharma)- right view, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration

abstinence from worldly pleasures, typically for religious reasons

the tree under which the buddha was said to have attained enlightenment

common form of buddhism in other countries, which claims to most closely adhere to the original doctrines and practices of the buddha

the word used to categorize a group of people partaking in dharma together, practicing buddhism, etc- community (originally monks and celibate nuns to spread the buddha’s word)

the last major emperor of the mauryan dynasty of india

histories, announcements, and inscriptions carved onto rocks and pillars throughout india- under the rule of ashoka the great

the last of the sage kings (xia dynasty), tamed the yellow river and controlled the flooding of the plain, built canals through mountains, known for his “hairless shins”

used to communicate with ancestors- burned inscriptions by priests or kings to get answers about battles, harvests, etc.

the belief that the chinese emperor had a divine right to rule, given to him by the gods

supreme being, also could be seen as a religion or philosophy, almost represent monotheism

period of increased decentralization of power, regional feudal lords absorb smaller powers and vie for hegemony, monarchy loses power, 5 hegemonies (leadership over a country by a small group or social power), recorded in spring and autumn annals

jin state carved up, leaving 7 prominent states, more professionalized armies, literature, philosophy, cheaper weapons, infrastructure development, art of war (arguably one of the most influential books on military strategy)

gradual transformation from slave society to feudal society, passing of land, power hierarchy (more equal than past caste-like systems)

conservative teacher (focus on education), adhering to tradition, family value, knowing one’s role in the world around them, took inspiration from the “golden age” of western zhou

traditional author of daodeijing and founder of daoist philosophy

inaction- according to the daoist philosophy

the confucius ideal that a person’s righteousness, benevolence, courage, and wisdom make him exemplary

important virtue and primary duty of obedience and care for one’s parents or elders (ancestoral worship)

ritual or proper conduct (confucianism)

humaneness or benevolence (confucianism)

ruler/subject, father/son, elder brother/younger brother, husband/wife, friend/friend- standards of respect and power

way (like a path or road)- daoist philosophy

first emperor of china (qin state)- first real unification of china

introduction to dependence on legal law rather than moral law or religious law

thousands of clay soldiers that were placed in the burial of shi huangdi, to symbolize his armies and protect him in the afterlife

used to refer to greece as a whole, possibly founded by hellen

ancient greek city-state, socio-political connotation, means different things to different important people

a citadel, community, fortress built at the top of a hill for protection, communal happenings there

conflict, struggle, contest

excellence; full realization of potential or inherent function 

ethos of civic duty and self-governing; lack of distinction between private and public interests; “common thing”

a human sacrifice used in certain state rituals (ill intent)

ruler, merchant, poet, philosopher; “shaking off of burdens”- cancelled debts, enslaved debtors freed, ends constitution of draco; creation of boule

deliberative council of 400 citizens, changed to 500 later on, appointed to help run and decide on issues within the city

democracy system in greece, introduced by cleisthenes

a historical city in and the capital of greece

prominent city-state in greece, lycurgan consitution, militaristic; agoge- training program prerequisite for citizen status- starts at age 7; girls educated by the states

slaves in sparta; concentration on training made possible by large slave population

spartan rule and law, gave power to an assembly of citizens, created a redistribution of land

military coalition of states, led by sparta

confederacy of states, led by athens, against the persian empire

series of conflicts between greece and the persian empire; led to the peloponnesian war

ancient greek war fought between athens and sparta for power over greece

greek politician during the golden age of athens; full development of athenian democracy and empire; put athens as the political and cultural focus of greece

method of thought creates by socrates, based on asking and answering questions

founder of western philosophy; argued essential truths about morality and conduct; accused of “corrupting the youth” and not recognizing the gods of the state

popular literature expressing plato’s opinions regarding philosophy, culture, government, etc.

philosophy introduced in plato’s republic; hypothetical ruler who can combine political skill and philosophical knowledge

student of socrates; philosopher- followed socrates ideas, ideals are more real than actual objects, introduces philosopher king ideal; believes there should be 4 types of government: timocracy/aristocracy (best), oligarchy, democracy, and tyranny

student of plato and tutor to alexander the great; founded disciplines of biology, literary criticism, political science, and logical philosophy; categorical syllogisms: all monkeys are primates. all primates are mammals. so, all monkeys are mammals.

the first existing things must be born and die at some point; motion must’ve always existed and had a cause and origin; must be an eternal substance in the world

describes the harmony and balance of organs with ones thoughts, physical feelings, mental feelings, etc.; impacts medicine for thousands of years