ap huge

state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity (iceland, japan, denmark)

name of a place; after people, history, physical features, religion; can indicate origins (Rocky Mountains, George Washington, Athens)

shape, area, distance, direction (ways maps can be distorted with different map projections)

mercator: accurate shape/directions, distorted near poles
robinson: small distortion overall

all information including physical features and human activities

Geographic Information Systems- map combining layers of spatial data to see geographical patterns

type of geographic data collection; process of taking pictures of the Earth's surface (satellites); provides understanding of Earth's geography over large distances

Global Positioning System- uses data from satellites to pinpoint a location/find directions

shows landforms and places without data

political- states, countries, capitals
physical- natural features

shows spatial patterns using data

choropleth- shading
dot-density- variety of same sized dots
graduated/proportional symbol- different sized symbols
cartogram- distorted size
isoline- lines connect areas of equal value

arrangement of a feature in space (clustered, dispersed, concentrated)

likelihood of interaction diminishes with increasing distance

the increasing sense of connectivity; reduces impact of distance decay (technological advancements)

process by which a characteristic spreads

historic theory that the environment (climate and landforms) controls how society is formed/limits growth; justifies racism

modern theory that acknowledges limitations imposed by the environment, but says humans respond and adapt to fit their needs (ex. Palm Islands, terracing, Hoover Dam)

global
regional
national
local (county, city)

map shows national scale of analysis

shows a small area with large detail (1:24,000 is 1 inch to 24,000 ft)

shows a large area with small detail (1:5,000,000)

area organized around a node/focal point and diminishes in importance outward (airlines, newspaper, amazon deliveries)

area marked by a shared common trait (physical, cultural)

area perceived differently by people, exists as an idea (Middle East, Midwest, Kurdistan)

quantitative vs qualitative

direction- compass directions vs leftight
location- latitude/longitude vs relationship to another place
distance- miles/kilometers vs spatial connections/movement between places (travel time)

personal- where do i want to live (crime, schools, income level)
business- needed products, who are main customers, location of stores
organization- needs of community/how to provide services
government- voting districts, school placement

model of how the size of a population changes as a country develops its economy

stage 1- high cbr, cdr (zero nir)
stage 2- high cbr, rapidly decreasing cdr (high nir)
stage 3- rapidly decreasing cbr, decreasing cdr
stage 4- low cbr, cdr (zero population growth)
stage 5- low cbr, slightly higher cdr (decreasing population)

model of the causes of death in each stage of the DTM

stage 1- famine, plague, infectious diseases, no medicine
stage 2- receding pandemics, improved sanitation/medicine
stage 3- chronic disorders, human-created diseases instead of natural deaths
stage 4- degenerative diseases, improved life choices yet obesity
stage 5- diseases resistant to medication, faster spread with globalizationrbanization/poverty

an epidemic that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population

widespread outbreak of an infectious disease

primary- extract raw materials from the Earth
secondary- manufacturers/construction that process raw materials
tertiary- provision of goods/services for payment
quarternary- knowledge based; research/information
quinary- decisions impact lots of people

power/wealth in the economy is clustered in core countries (developed) while semi-periphery and periphery countries (less developed) have less access

core countries take advantage of cheap labor/materials in periphery countries; creates a cycle of exploitation where LDCs can't advance

has limited practicality in explaining how to develop through the stages; focused on progress through economic development; doesn't account for international NGOs

spatial analysis of development; says MDCs are in the northern hemisphere and LDCs are in the southern hemisphere (old theory proved wrong with the development of newly industrialized cities in the southern hemisphere)

population/land area
generalization; does not account for uneven population distribution

population/arable land
maximum population that can be supported without damaging the land (overpopulated?)

farmers/arable land
indicates development; more farmers per arable land means less developed

portion of Earth where people are settled

physical- too dry, wet, high, cold
cultural- access to education, health care, entertainment
historical- where humans sustained/flourished

the study of population

NIR/RNI; (birth rate - death rate/10); positive NIR --> growing population, negative NIR --> shrinking population

average number of children a woman will have

number of people too old/young to work compared to number of productive workers (youth/elderly dependency rate)

number of births/deaths per year per 1,000 people alive

total value of goods/services in a country's borders in one year

number of deaths among children in their first year per 1,000 births in a year

official count of population; taken every 10 years

said population would grow geometrically and food supply would grow arithmetically, eventually leading to a point of crisis (lived during the Industrial Revolution with population boom)

general idea of malthusian theory; too many people on the planet strips earth's finite resources (advocate for contraceptives/family planning to keep low population

said food supply is impacted by population growth; as population increases, humans will develop new technologies to increase food supply production

largest population an area can support without harming the environment

movement from one region of a country to another (midwest to south)

movement within one region (older cities to newer suburbs)

policies designed to help grow the population (concerns about aging population)

policies designed to slow population growth (overpopulation, limited resources); results in unintended consequences like forced abortions, abandonment of children, skewed sex ratios/sex-selective abortions

policiesegulations of a state designed to control who can move in (quotas, authorizations, refugee acceptances)

migration from one country to another over international borders

traditional seasonal movement of livestock (highlands in the summer and lowlands in the winter)

immigrants who migrate based on recommendationeunification of family/friends

migration to a distant destination that occurs through a series of smaller movements

large-scale emigration of talented people from LDC to MDC

migrants who travel internationally to find work as temporary laborers

economic- jobs, wages, unemployment, taxes
social- belonging, education, gender roles, discrimination, family ties
political- war, peace, persecution
environmental- climate, natural disaster, desertification, desirable landforms

person forced to migrate to avoid conflict (war, human rights violations), can't return for fear of persecution (race, religion, political opinion, etc.)

person forced to migrate to avoid conflict (war, human rights violations), has not crossed an international border

person that migrates in hope of being recognized as a refugeeranted protection in another country

environmental/political feature that hinders migration (long, expensive passage, border, laws, physical feature)

opportunity that causes migrants to voluntarily stop traveling (significant other, job)

transfer of money back to a country a migrant emigrated from (important source of wealth for developing countries)

years required to double a population with a constant NIR (70rowth rate)

1. typically a short distance
2. occurs in steps
3. urban areas attract more long distanceural migrants
4. every migration has a counter-migration
5. young/single adults are more likely to migrate than families (and across national borders)
6. females are more migratory domestically, males are more migratory over long distances
7. mostly due to economic factors
8. urban areas grow by migration, not by NIR
9. increases economic development
10. increases with advancements in technology/transportation/infrastructure
11. urban residents less likely to move than rural residents

shared beliefs, values, practices, behaviors, technologies of a society

natural landscape modified by humans, reflecting cultural beliefs/values (visible imprint)

physical/visible objects and technologies created by a culture (houses, clothing, architecture, toys, tools, furniture)

the ways in which a society behaves/organizes institutions (family, school/education, government, religion, land use, gender roles)

the abstract central ideaseliefs/values/knowledge of a culture (language, religious beliefs, food preferences, taboos)

small/homogenous group of people living in isolated rural areas; unlikely to change/experience effects of globalization

large/heterogeneous group of people living in interconnected urban areas through globalization

unbiased viewing of another culture; promotes cultural understanding

judging other cultures in terms of one's own cultural standards; belief that one culture is superior

succession of societies leaving cultural imprints contributing to the overall cultural landscape (modern + historic)

people of the same ethnicity that cluster together in a specific location; place retains cultural distinction from surrounding area

characteristics that unify a country and provide stability (common language, ethnicity, religion)

characteristics that divide a country and create instability/conflict/violence (multiple ethnicities, languages, religions)

spread of a cultural trait through the migration of people (colonization, missionaries)

spread of a cultural trait through the interaction of people

type of expansion diffusion; spread of a cultural down a system from the most interconnected/powerful/wealthy to others; reverse hierarchial diffusion is opposite (tattoos, hiphop, walmart)

type of expansion diffusion; spread of a cultural trait rapidly/widely from its hearth through close contact with people (time-space compression, globalization, ex. viral videos)

type of expansion diffusion; alterations made to a cultural trait as it is spread (McDonalds around the world)

common language adopted by speakers of different languages; language of international communication is English

simplified form of a lingua franca made by mixing it with another group's native language

language resulting from the mixing of two languages (a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated)

boundary separating differences in language (regional dialects)

idea of dominance of one country over another through economic/political control

practice of a powerful country establishing settlements in a less powerful country for economic/political gain

modern form of colonialism not by occupation but by political/economic/cultural influence of a weaker state (usually former colony) by a more powerful one (China and Africa)

process of cultures coming into contact with each other/adapting each others' traits to become more alike as globalization increases

process of cultures becoming less alike due to different influences or cultural/physical barriers (Amish restrict contact with others to retain originality)

sedentary farmer- language diffused through farmers relocating

nomadic warrior- language diffused through nomadic movement and conquest

religion that attempts to be global/appeal to all people no matter location or culture (spread through expansionelocation diffusion: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism)

religion that appeals primarily to one group of people living in one place (spread through relocation diffusion/stayed near hearth: Judaism, Hinduism)

process of people losing their original cultural traits and adopting those of a dominant culture

process of people adjusting to/adopting a dominant culture while retaining aspects of their original culture

blending of cultures to form a new culture

tolerance/acceptance of various cultures coexisting in a society

has defined territoryorders, permanent population, sovereignty, recognition from other states

group of people with a common identity through shared cultural traits (language, religion, ethnicity)

nation of people without a state to occupy

state with various cultures/ethnicities in its borders

nation that stretches across borders/more than one state

self-governing area within a state (Hong Kong, Tibet, American Indian Reservations)

independence from control of its internal affairs by other states

concept that ethnicities have to right to govern themselves

transfer of power shifted from the central government to regional authorities due to centrifugal forces

physical geography- separated from central state, distance decay
ethnic separatism- identifying more with ethnicity than citizens of a state
ethnic cleansing
terrorism
economic/social problems- uneven development
irredentism- claim territory from a neighboring state with similar ethnicity

area of instability geographically located between states with overlapping territoriality/political power (eastern europe)

strategic geographic location hard to pass through, has competition for use (Strait of Hormuz, Panama Canal, Strait of Malacca)

control/influence over a specific geographic space (historical/cultural links, sovereignty)

boundary that existed before present settlement (usually physical landforms, Swiss Alps)

boundary that no longer functions but still impacts the cultural landscape (Berlin Wall, US Confederacy)

boundary drawn by an outside power that ignores pre-existing cultural borders (Berlin Conference of 1885)

boundary drawn after settlement, based on cultural groups/cultural landscape; can change with war, new empiresovernments (European countries)

type of subsequent boundary; divides cultural groups to accommodate differences in religion/language (Pakistan and India)

type of superimposed boundary established on straight lines of longitude/latitude (US Canada border at the 49th parallel, Saudi Arabia and Iraq)

boundary legally established through an agreement/treaty

boundary drawn/indicated on a map

boundary with visible marking on the landscape (fences, signs, river)

enforcement/management of a boundary by a government (laws, immigration regulation, documentation, prosecution)

the extensions of a country's territory that extend into the oceans around them

established rights and responsibilities of states concerning ownershipsage of the seas and their resources

territorial waters- 12 nautical miles; sovereignty over water/air space
contiguous zone- 24 nautical miles; immigration, customs, sanitation
exclusive economic zone (EEZ)- 200 nautical miles; natural resources

a boundary drawn midway between states' coasts when there are less than 400 nautical miles between EEZs

subdivision used to organize elections/elect members to a legislature

redrawing of political boundaries that determine voting districts to accurately reflect new census data

redrawing legislative boundaries to benefit the party in power

state where the centralized government holds most of the power (efficient decision making, sense of unity, more subject to devolutionary forces, subject to corruption/only serves interest of dominant group)

state that allocates power to units of localegional government (provides for a diverse populationeographically large state, more)

alliance of 3 or more states that work together for a common goal (limits political/economic power of member states)

defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical analysis; fashioned from nature by a cultural group (nature + cultural group = cultural landscape)

clustered- share resources, community (leave open space for farming)
dispersed- individualistic ideas (western US)
linear- transportation system/along a physical feature (river)

metes and bounds- irregular shaped, demarcated by physical features
long lot- long strips of land (equal access to resources by all each strip touching a riveroad)
township and range- rectanglesrid pioneered by Thomas Jefferson

production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family (periphery countries, lack of access to markets/expensive farming technology)

shifting cultivation, nomadic herding

production of food primarily for sale off the farm (core countries, global markets, well developed infrastructure, larger land plots)

livestock ranching, grain farming, market gardening, plantation, mixed crop & livestock, mediterranean, dairy

time when humans first domesticated plants/animals; no longer relied on hunting and gathering; nomadism --> sedentary lifestyle (started in fertile crescent)

increased yield/access through technological improvements in transportation and machinery; caused by the industrial revolution and enclosure movement; started in Great Britain

effects: new technology, increased food production, better diet, longer life, more people available for work in factories, shifting demographics (moving to cities, less farmers)

rapidly increased manufacturing/food production through technological advancements and new inventions (cotton gin, steam engine, steel plow)

caused increased migration to cities, gap wage between poor/wealthy, imperialism/colonialism due to need of raw materials, diffused industrialization across the world

laws that enabled landowners to privately purchase previously communal land, emergence of commercial agriculture due to direct benefits of wealth incentives and higher efficiency

southwest asia/fertile crescent (wheat, oats, barley)
sub-saharan africa (yams, sorghum, coffee)
southeast asia (mangos, coconuts, taro, bananas)
east asia (rice, soybeans)
central america (maize, potatoes, squash, peppers, potatoes)

Fertile Crescent → Eastern Europe (contagious)
Immigration & Migration (relocation/stimulus)
Trade Routes/Silk Road (contagious)
Columbian Exchange (contagious)

exchange of goods/ideas between the Old World (Europe, Africa, Asia) to the New World (Americas)

diffusion of new agricultural technology in the 1960-70s due to massive population growth in developing countries (GMOs, higher yielding/faster growing crops, disease resistant, mechanized farming, fertilizers); facilitated by Norman Borlaug

positive: increased yields support larger populations, surplus of crops sold for wealth, better farming technology, self sufficiency in developing regions, more access to cheaper food

negative: little success in Africa (lack of government investment/infrastructure), soil erosion/salinization, chemical runoff and pollution

growing one crop in a farm system every year

large scale commercial agriculture including production, processing, distribution, financial funding & research of agricultural products and equipment (modern technology, owned by large corporations, increased efficiency); might control its own transportation/distribution network

leads to decrease in subsistence/small scale family farms, loss of human jobs

farming that uses large amounts of labor/capital on small plots of land (high population density areas)
market gardening- fruits/vegetables are canned/freezed and sold to MDCs
plantation agriculture- cheap labor, maximized profit, cash crops
mixed crop/livestock- crops grown to feed livestock, livestock make the profit

farming that uses smaller amounts of labor/money on large plots of land (away from major population areas)
shifting cultivation- land is cultivated temporarily, then left alone to revert to originial fertility/vegetation
nomadic herding- herding of domesticated animals in dry climates
ranching- grazing of livestock

community grown fresh fruit/vegetables (farmer's markets)

sometimes occurring in abandoned urban areas to beautify spaces and generate job growth

physical characteristics of a place, location (natural resources, climate, physical terrain, buildings)

abundant freshwater, labor/capital, defensible location

the location of a place relative to other places (connections; what impacts it?)

located near shipping routes, northeast of China, centrally located

explains location of rural land use through transportation costs and distance to market

ring 1: dairy and market gardening (perishable, intensive agriculture)
ring 2: forests (needed for fuel, expensive to transport)
ring 3: grains/field crops (extensive, needs space, nonperishable)
ring 4: ranching and livestock (needs space, cheap land/transportation)

multiple market centers, food preservation techniques, improved transportation, government policies about land use, wood is no longer used a a major source of heating/cookinguilding, not all land is flat, not all equal access to the market

the process by which the population of urban settlements grows; increase in % and # of people in urban areas

small number of urban cities that play an important role in global business services that exert economic, political, cultural influences (centers of flows of information, multinational organizations, large corporations); hierarchical diffusion

city with more than 10 million people; overtime seen more in periphery countries

city with more than 20 million people

residential areas situated on undesirable/abandoned land (residents do not have land tenure) not connected to city services/lack of access to fresh food and water; formed because of rapid rural to urban migration and lack of enforceable zoning regulations (often built with non-traditional materials, instead materials found in the environment)

rising crime, no access to healthy drinking water (lead exposure), environmental injustice (exposure to more air/water pollution)

process of people moving from cities to residential areas on the outskirts of cities in core countries (less densely populated communities connected to cities for jobs/services)

due to:
advancements in transportation- highways to travel to work
social/demographic trends- baby boom caused housing expansion, gender division of labor, white flight, want of ethnically homogenous community
landscape preferences- pollution/congestion, large homes

uncontrolled expansion of urban areas outwards due to advancements in transportation (people can live further away but still access the central city)

1. regional planning efforts- governments work together to coordinate development of housing/infrastructure (Paris Climate Agreement)
2. remediationedevelopment of brownfields
3. urban growth boundaries- limit sprawl
4. farmland protection policies- encourage conservation of agricultural land/forests

economic community on the outskirts of a larger city (low population density/spread out due to more available land area) connected by a major beltway to an urban area; has commercial/officeetail space typically found in an urban area

negative environmental impact: urban sprawl-- loss of farmland/natural habitats, air pollution from dependence on automobiles, construction pollution

unique suburb city that has rapidly grown/sprawled with more than 100,000 residents (population of a city, feels like a suburb)

settlement existing outside a suburban area with a connection to a metro area; access goods/services from boomburbs or edge cities instead of CBD

low population density, large lot sizes, less goods/services

the country's nth-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement (variety of large settlements, wealth is dispersed, citizens have less time to travel to access different goods/services)

one large settlement that has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement (uneven development, not a wide availability of wealth and services/people have to travel farther )

as you move away from the CBD, land becomes more available/cheap used for extensive practices, population density decreases

uses hexagons to explain the spatial layout/distribution of settlements and goods/services (Walter Christaller); larger settlement -> larger pull factor

businesses use this theory to choose an optimal profitable location

area surrounding a service center from which customers are attracted (functional region)

minimum number of people needed to support a service (census data shows demographics/median income; large specialized services need a very large/wealthy threshold to support it)

maximum distance people are willing to travel for a serviceood (specialnique services have a large range)

goods/services that are expensive and unique; found in large cities (large threshold and range)

goods/services that are inexpensive and commonly found; found in smaller cities (small threshold and range)

predicts the likelihood of places interacting based on population size and distance between them (larger population of a settlement --> more likely for people to interact with it/attracts people and customers from farther distances)

global city, regional city, city, town, village, hamlet

basic support systems needed to keep a society/economy running (transportation, wifi, power stations, schools, hospitals, sewage, police/fire departments)

poor [blank] pushes people out of cities; causes brain drain

city model that grows outward from a central area in a series of rings with older houses closer to the center/newer development further out (based on US Chicago/not applicable to UK, outdated)

a city develops in a series of sectors based on economic/environmental factors (industries align next to highways/transportation; outdated due to changes in transportation)

model developed to account for changes in transportation/technology; multiple CBDs with unique economic opportunities/attract certain people

manufacturing CBD attracts working class people/not wealthier people (city can become segregated)

modern city model based off the multiple nuclei model but takes into account transportation advancements/focuses on the post-industrial city (suburbanization, decentralization, service based); includes edge cities

blends Latin American culture with globalization; divided into a market sector and modern high-rise sector, elite residential sector on the extension of the CBD in the "spine", elite residency is the "mall", features disamenity zones and periphery zones (takes aspects of concentric + sector models)

focal point of the city is the colonial port zone + surrounding commercial district (no formal CBD); special economic zones created to encourage trade/development with western countries

three CBDs (traditional, European colonialrid, market); squatter settlements on the outskirts

areas with economic (lack of jobs/declining land values/falling demand/closing businesses) or environmental reasons that cause people to leave

residential units that are affordable for the section of society whose income is below the median household income

types of sustainable urban design policies put in place to reduce urban sprawl/need to expand; promotes more affordable life in the city through increased walkability, public transportation, access to goods/services

area of green space around an urban area where homesusinesses are not allowed to develop; intended to limit urban sprawl and pollution

legislationegulations to reduce effects of urban sprawl/protect natural environment by only allowing cities to annex specifically designated land; encouraging citizens to move back into urban areas where there is a high quality of life

planned urban development to include multiple uses of a building (retail, residential, educational, recreational, business); vertical growth instead of horizontal to reduce commute times

apartment complex built above a retailusiness space

increased cost of living/taxes, disproportionate funding to wealthier communities, not affordable for low-income and people of color --> lead to segregation, potential loss of unique historical place/character of a city

sustainable urban design policy that decreases the rate cities grow horizontally to avoid urban sprawl

housing discrimination maintained by banks; refusal to grand home loans in certain "high risk" areas that were usually minority communities (led to segregation, wealth generation gap)

housing discrimination maintained by real estate industry; white families were encouraged to rapidly sell their houses at a cheaper rate when black families moved into neighborhoods in fear of their housing decreasing in value

minority communities charged higher rates to buy, white flight from urban --> suburban while minorities stayed clustered in inner-city areas

process by which higher incomer residents/professional developers buy buildings in low income areas for cheap prices and renovate them into improved high value buildings

positive: improves economic/social opportunities, attracts investments
negative: results in displacement or homelessness of long time low-income/minority/elderly residents

communities with little/no access to affordable/fresh/healthy food options within convenient traveling distance (abundant convenience stores, gas stations, health issues, high price for low quality)

redevelopment + modernization of abandoned industrial areas through new housing, infrastructure, business developments; displaced minority families

federal: indirect influence through funding + special guidelines
local: large influence through setting budgets, zoninge-zoning parts of the city

can result in fragmentation of governments when state/county/city governments have conflict in addressing urban issues (too many perspectives/overlapping jurisdiction)

in response: regional planning (governments work together to coordinate development of housing + infrastructure)

where city governments require developers to include low/medium income housing options in order to get a building permit (not common in LDCs)

poorest parts of cities typically physically unsafe, not connected to city services (slums, homeless, gangs)

abandoned, unsafe, polluted industrial areas due to the shift from manufacturing --> service based economies

qualitative: descriptive characteristics based on people's opinions/perceptions (fieldwork, narrative, interviews, photographs, survey)

quantitative: data involving numbers/statistics (Census data, GPS, GIS, remote sensing, online mapping/visualization, geospatial data)

1. traditional society (local trade/politics, family based, subsistence farming)
2. preconditions for take off (industrialization, secondary sector jobs)
3. take off (urbanization, exploitation of domestic laboreliance on exports to MDCs)
4. drive to maturity (declining population, global trade, specialization, social infrastructure: schools, hospitals)
5. high mass consumption (tertiary sector, nonessential goods)

1. based on industrialized, capitalistic, democracies
2. doesn't account for uneven development
3. not all countries will progress in the defined order (war, corruption, natural disaster)
4. doesn't take into account globalization and interconnection
5. equal potential to develop (major differences like climate/natural resources that help or hinder development
6. doesn't take into account sustainability
7. legacy of colonialism (helped MDCs develop based on exploitation of LDCs)

a relocated capital city due to economic and strategic reasons (congested old cities with limited infrastructure, desire to build new/planned administrative centers)

less access to services, healthy drinking water, food deserts, rising crime, environmental injustice, growth of disamenity/abandonment zones

the legal rights to land (conflict of land tenure due to rapid urbanization)

manufacturing based in homes (household tools, agricultural equipment from home or local village)

industry in which the inputs weigh more than the final products/product loses weight; locates near input sources to reduce transportation costs (copper, steel)

industry in which a product gains volume during production; locates near consumers to reduce transportation costs (ex. potato chips, coca cola)

location where transfer of goods goes from one mode of transportation to another (cargo on a ship is loaded onto trucks)

industry where labor wages make up a higher percentage of expenses (agriculture, construction, coal-mining)

industry where money/financial resources/investments and production make up a higher percentage of expenses; lower expenditures on labor (oil, manufacturing, real estate)

model of industrial location based on minimizing transportation/labor costs and maximizing agglomeration economies

clustering of businesses in the same industry for mutual benefit of infrastructure and labor resources

economic activities organized around specific high growth industries to stimulate growth and development

increased efficiency and decreased cost per unit as production scale increases (large corporations have better infrastructure, machines, capital + they take advantage of fixed input costs/lower bulk prices = higher output at low costs)

initial increase in spending or investments in jobs/schoolusinesses that produces an overall increase in the economy and consumption

shipment of goods/materials to a consumer only as needed to minimize inventory space or waste

turning over production responsibilities to an external independent source to minimize labor costs

relationship where places can benefit by specializing in their areas of comparative advantage and trade with other places for what they need

the ability of a place to produce a good or service at a lower cost than other places

economic policies emphasizing minimal government involvement and promoting free trade, deregulation, liberalization, privatization; seen as the ideal economic/social/political condition

has created new organizations and global trade patterns (EU, WTO, OPEC)

- prioritizes needs of wealthier corporations/states over developing regions
- unfair to developing regions with less advanced economies/technology/infrastructure
- lack of government involvement can lead to less accountability/oversight --> unethical behaviors

international trade of goods/services free of barriers (tariffs, quotas, restrictions)

tax on imported goods/services; promotes domestic production/consumerism

transfer of low-paid less skilled worker jobs from more developed to less developed countries

mass production; traditionally factories assigned each worker one specific task to perform repeatedly

shift by companies in production with more flexible work rules, leveling, problem solving, productivity, and teams of workers that perform a variety of tasks

all the interconnected processes involved in the creation of a product from its raw materials to final consumers (design, production, manufacturing, assembly, distribution of a product)

a worldwide network of sourcing/production/distribution in different countries to maximize profit/comparative advantage

decline of industrial activity (outsourced to regions with cheap labor) and rise of service economy

a measure of each country's gender inequality; lower score --> better equality (measures reproductive health, empowerment, labor force participation)

measures a country's level of development created by the U.N.; higher score --> better development (measures life expectancy, expected years of schooling, mean years of schooling, GNI/capita)

measures inequality based on distribution of income; 0-1 higher score --> higher inequality

consequence of water depletion from agricultural land use (salt buildup in soil that makes it hard for crops to grow)

largest language family group containing germanicomance languages spoken in most of europe/south/southwest asia

universalizing religion that is a blend of hinduism and islam (syncretism)